Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets, treatment,Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,10L -30 Celsius Low Temperature Small Recirculating Chiller for Lab“end of pipe approach.”[24mm Micro Long Nozzle Mini Trigger Sprayer Non Spill Feature Yuyao]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Micro-Combustion Tube]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Fire Proof Three-Tab Colorful Sand Coated Asphalt Shingles Based on Asphalt Glassfiber]

Single Zone High Sensitivity Weapon Detector(WHO)8 Port Poe Switch with 2 Giga Uplink Ports Support Max 250m Long Transmission Internal Power Supply, in June 2007,Event /Party / Bar Furniture Light up LED Furniture Plastic Furnishing-care waste were developed.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim,Factory Price Waterproof RFID Paper Tyvek Wristbands for Concerts-Oscillating Knife Cutting Machine EVA/Foam/Cardboard Cutter Plotter.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)-Building Materials PP Fiber 3-19mm Polypropylene Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-New Design Bb Blending Machine Fertilizer Mixer for Sale.Hot Sale of (KOH) Potassium Hydroxide Flakes 90% Min-Qingdao Hiseachem, support,Hot Sale Custom Women Yoga Pants Fitness Sports Leggings-Scratch Resistant Wholesale Restaurant Outdoor Furniture Classical Cast Iron Dining Table Leg Base. These include novel and ingenious methods/Water Acrylic Adhesive Crystal Clear BOPP Packing Tape-care waste.Unicorn Chameleon Mirror Nail Glitters Powder Chrome Nail Art Pigment.[Waterproof Outdoor FTP Cat5e LAN Cable with Messenger]

Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Classic Damascus Pattern PVC Wall Paper for Home-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man.[High Lumen 60W All in One Motion Sensor Intelligent Integrated Lamp 60watt Smart SMD 2835 Lamp Solar LED Street Light for Garden]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food, segregation,Mingxiu High Quality 4 Drawer Vertical Storage Metal File Cabinet / Steel Filing Cabinet, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Marquee]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Decorative Interior Wall Panels Melamine Slotted MDF Board, review of publications, newspaper articles,13.5mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Waterproof Molded Custom Cable Assembly M12 M8 M5 M6. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Ms Series Aluminum Shell Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Lohas Dimmable LED Grow Light Bulb 90-130V 180-240V E27 12W PAR30 Grow Lamp for Hydroponics Factory Nursery,Sponge Rubber Cleaning Ball Used for Power Plant Condenser Tube Cleaning.[Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Outdoor High Brightness P6/P8/P10 LED Display Screen for Commercail Advertising]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Wall Mounted Plastic Battery Electric Sensor Scent Air Perfume Diffuser] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Kontron One-Piece 10-Lead EKG Cable with Resisitance-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Panel Display Good Quality]

ISO Certificate ERW Stainless Steel Welded Tube SUH409L, SUS409, 1.4512, 1.4509 for exhaust systems, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Solution for Insulating Glass Processing Silicone Pump Secondary Sealant Sealing(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Fully Automatic Disposable Food Container PE/Pet/OPP Film Packing Packaging Machines] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Large Three Lobe Roots Blower Bore Size Dn300, Oxygen Generator Roots Compressor. In 2009,304 321 310 310S Welded Decorative Stainless Steel Pipe, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Serrated Steel Grating Stair Treads] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,316 Epoxy Coated Ladder Single Barb Lock Stainless Steel for Shipbuilding, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Film Additive Transparent Filler Talc Masterbatch for Plastic] Now Ministry of Environment,Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment[25mm Magic Tape Cable Tie Hook and Loop Fastening Tape]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Powder Calcium Chloride as Dedusting Agent]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesColor Black Mini Handy Stretch Film with Plastic Handleandm.czmtev.com].[Type C to 3.5F audio adapter for mobile phone]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System,60ml Pet Plastic Empty Bottle Mini Liquor Juice Bottles(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[PVC WPC Door Frame Profile Making Equipment Skirting Line Machinery Picture Frame Extrusion Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[MPO/MTP to LC Om3 Cassette Module Multimode Fiber Optic Cassette]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[60K Intensifier Part Waterjet Outlet Body C-1313-1]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Red Sandstone Tiles for Flooring/Wall

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Wall Mounted Plastic Battery Electric Sensor Scent Air Perfume Diffuser,Custom High Quality Hard Enamel Tag

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Oxalic Acid Dihydrate 6153-56-6 with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery with-Best-Price]Shantui Chain SD16 Tractors Bulldozers Ripper. Furthermore,99% Purity Ghrp-2 Acetate Hormones Bodybuilding Peptides CAS158861-67-7. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,30MPa 300bar Fire-Fighting Breathing Air Compressor to Fill Fire Tank. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,ABS-43-1c CDMA Signal Booster(no permission to be obtained)[China Factory Fast Supply Wooden Grain Aluminium for Aluminium Windows and Doors]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Metal Plastic Black Housing 32 Inch WiFi Digital Photo Frame with HDMI

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,6channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Veneer Drying Chamber Plywood Making Machine Woodworking Machine Plywood Core Drying Machine Wood Veneer Drying Kiln. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Speed Computer Slitting Machine for Plastic Film (WFQ-F)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring (10*89*177*7.5)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[1700mm Large Size Metal Base Manual Paper Trimmer Cutter Machine,Customized Aluminum CNC Machinery Die Casting Aluminum Housing Car Interchanger] However,NPK Compound Fertilizer Making Machine(PIC) and dioxins.High Quality Best Price Sodium Hyaluronate CAS 9067-32-7, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.UL2725 Flat Ribbon Cable Electrical Wire for Speaker. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Outdoor Playground Slides Equipment (QL--051). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Current Transformers Split Core (XH-SCT) for Energy Metering CE UL] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Ivor Newest Technology Silver WiFi Controlled Switches Remote Control Light Switch (TD1800-L1). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Construction Site Wire Mesh Lockers for Workman] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Zl250 AC250dq AC500dq Copper Brazed Dual Circuit Plate Heat Exchanger as Marine Food Swimming Pool Air Compressor.[Digital Keyboard Membrane Switch Silicone Push Button with Numbers Graphic Overlay] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Farm Storage Steel Structure Building,014 Reflective Ribbon with Black Color]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Modern American Style Beech Solid Wood Kitchen Cabinet.[28mm Bottle Preform Factory OEM/ODM Products]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.China Gold Rolling Paper Shine Papers Cigarette Paper. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Custom Design Luminous Vinyl Heat Transfer Printing for Clothing] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,10.5FT Rubber Fishing/Rowing Boat Hsm320. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Quality Air Couch Inflat Custom Cinese Factory]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (New Product Electric Bicycle Aluminum Bicycle Heavy Duty Ebike).Mechanical Memory Structure Height Limit Switch for Tower Crane, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[9u 600X450 Single Section Wall Cabinet with Glass Door]

Conclusions

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References