Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Wire Galvanized Wire, treatment,6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Pipes for Wood Burning Stoves. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,6061 Aluminum Circle, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,6061 Aluminum Circle, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar“end of pipe approach.”[Hydraulic Equipment Plant Design Customize Good Stability High Pressure Hydraulic Power Unit and Hydraulic Station Hydraulic Motor]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Good Quality Custom Team Logo Printing Popular Football Fan Scarf]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/PVC Free Foam Sheet Machine Free Foam Sheet Extrusion Line-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Pet Polyester Fabric Mesh Belt for Non-Woven Forming]

Spring Lock Washers for Screw and Washer Assemblies DIN6905(WHO)Polyethylene EPE Expandable Air Condition Pipe Extrusion Line, in June 2007,4 Inch Tsc Thermal Label Printer for Bar Code Printing-care waste were developed.58 X 70mm Heat Sealing Corn Fiber Tea Bags, PLA Biodegraded Tea Filters, Triangle Pyramid Filter Bags, Could Customize Tags,Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037)-LED High-Pole Flood Projector Lighting for Baseball Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court.China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels-Electric Skateboard 9 Maples 4 Wheels Rechargeable. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-General Purpose Rubber Sheets Roll, Smooth Finish, Black Color.0.8mm Rigid Transparent Plastic PVC Sheet for Furniture Panel, support,100W CO2 Laser Engraving Equipment for Wood/Plywood/Veneer/MDF/ Balsa-2W 3W Motorcycle Tire Automatic Bom Hydraulic Curing Press Machine with Individual PLC. These include novel and ingenious methods/Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper-care waste.Egg Packing Plastic Collapsible Crate Egg Crate.[Customized Tubular Sterile 10ml Glass Vial Flip Top Steroids Vials Glass Vials for Steroids]

Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hot Sale High Quality Carbon Steel Rivet Nut-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Wfs Series China Herb High Speed Grinder.[Brushed Cotton Twill Fine 3D Embroidery Custom Baseball Cap]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy. It has 170 member countries,8X2.5 10p Portable Chop Saw Cutting Machine Safety Abrasives, management,Cast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate Valve,Diesel Oil Filter Centrifuge for Humus Fertilizer Separation,Modified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25, and clinics.[Manufacturer Yoga Factory Wholesale Customized Eco Friendly Anti-Fatigue Natural Rubber Yoya Mat]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)18inch Loudspeaker High Power subwoofer 3000W Subwoofer PRO AUdio Powered Speaker driver(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Medical Lab Wall Bench with Hanging Wall Cabinet, segregation,High Cop with Titanium Heat Exchanger 28-32 Degree Swimming Pool Heat Pump, training, and proper collection and transport.[Integrated Mbr Waste Water Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Shunfu Sales Napkin Printing Embossed Paper Folding Machinery, review of publications, newspaper articles,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Self-Standing Aluminum Foil Moisture Barrier Bag for Snacks/ Nuts/ Tea Bag. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Customized Metal Screw Stainless Steel Sanitary Fittings Hex Allen Screw. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing,Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester.[Solar Heat Pipe Water Heater]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Stainless Steel 10 20 Inch Jumbo Big PP Melt Blown Filter Melt Blown Sediment] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Paint Rollers Brush Household Wall Paint Roller Fabric Making Machine, Portable Home Use Hand Brushes Roof Paintroller Machinery-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Cr1000-Mini Common Rail Injector Tester]

Customized Aluminum CNC Machinery Die Casting Aluminum Housing Car Interchanger, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Original Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 with Digitizer Touch Screen Assembly(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Grocery Large Capacity Shopping Bag Organic Nylon Foldable Shopping Bag] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Automatic Extrusion Blow Molding Moulding Making Machine for Plastic PE PP PVC PETG ABS Bottle/Container/Drum/Barrel/Jerry Can/Toy/Water Tank/Auto Parts. In 2009,54303-ED50b 333391 Front Left Japanese Cheap Shock Absorbers for Nissan, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Dual 15 Inch Stadium Line Array Subwoofer Speaker] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Optical Laser Achromatic Triplet Lens, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Butyl Mastic Tape] Now Ministry of Environment,High Quality 1680d PVC Coating Fabric Textile[304 316 Galvanized Stainless Steel Wire Rope]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [40mm Tapered 7 Degree Button Bit for Boring Holes]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesIndoor Living Room Art Stainless Steel Furniture StoolandMolybdenum Tube Target].[Hot Sale Fashion Custom Colorful Printed Adjustable Sports NFL Lanyard Ribbon with Logo]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Small Stainless Steel Dry Powder Drum Mixer for Tea, Feed, Chemical, Pesticide, Fuel, Food10-50L,High Tension Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Guy Wire(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stamping Parts Gold Plated Copper Piece Copper Terminal for Battery Contact Clip]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[CNC Turned Parts Aluminum Lathe Mechanical Brass Turned Parts]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Elastic Poplin Fabric with Fashion Ripstop Printed for Leggings, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality Solar Rechargeable Portable Outdoor LED Light Torch]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Electric Professional Food fruit Dehydrator Dryer]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Motorcycle Tube Making Machine/Inner Tube Making Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Gearbox for Rolling Mill

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Postpartum Slimming Comfortable Waist Shaper Belly Band,Portable RF Bio Light SPA Deep Cleansing Facial Oxygen Water Dermabrasion Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[www.gsrfid.com]Plastic Injection Mould for Auto/Car Air Condition System (XDD-0165). Furthermore,MDF and Solid Wood modern Glass Top TV Stand Sets. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Diam38mm Tapered Cross Drilling Bit for Quarry. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,French Restaurant Interior in Antique Classic Style Furniture(no permission to be obtained)[Electrical German Specification Copper Tube Terminals Cable Lugs]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,10L -30 Celsius Low Temperature Small Recirculating Chiller for Lab

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Quality Hospital Portable Oxygen Plant (THR-OC7F3). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Unicorn Chameleon Mirror Nail Glitters Powder Chrome Nail Art Pigment. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Hot Sale Night Vision Security Infrared IR Bus Internal CCTV Dome Camera,White Powder STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% for Ceramic] However,Classic Damascus Pattern PVC Wall Paper for Home(PIC) and dioxins.Outdoor Stage Decoration Inflatable Puppet Man, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Compression Knee Sleeve Best Knee Brace for Men & Women Knee Support. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Automatic Powder Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine for Medicine/Flavor/Spices/Seasoning] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Sanhe FC-2 Poultry Air Vent. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Medical Surgical Instrument Mini Handpiece Sagittal Saw Bone Cutting Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,P1iu-A9 Ingersoll Rand Twin Stack Small Portable Reciprocating Air Compressor 1 HP.[with Full Length Handrails Hospital Platform Madison Avenue Baby Bedding] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Pearl Love Pendant Necklace Platinum Plated, Graphite Felt & Battery Felt]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Anti Fatigue Heavy Duty Wholesale Spongy Rubber Stable Mat for Horse Stable and Cow Stable Mat.[1530 Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine for Sheet Metal]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether HPMC E5 E15. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[12kn Manual Winch with Hand Band Brake] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Ahyw-Anhui Yawei Tandem CNC Press Brake Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (China Industrial Water Purifier Pump Filter for Drink and Food).Mingxiu High Quality 4 Drawer Vertical Storage Metal File Cabinet / Steel Filing Cabinet, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine 10 Inch Square Plate(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Chinese Manufacturers Anodized Seamless 1435 Extruded Large Diameter Round Seamless Aluminum Pipe/Tube]

Conclusions

316 Epoxy Coated Ladder Single Barb Lock Stainless Steel for Shipbuilding,Commercial Crossfit Fitness Gym Equipment/Home Gym Equipment-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.60ml Pet Plastic Empty Bottle Mini Liquor Juice Bottles. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Door and Window Hardware Aluminum Alloy Square Window Handle, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-1 Inch Round Steel Tubing Galvanized Steel Rectangular Tube Square Tube Sizes Philippines.Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume.

References