Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Custom Bare Copper Busbar Power Connector, treatment,Medical Face Mask Machine Automatic Mask Inner Ear-Loop Welding Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,2 in 1 Power Cable for Fast Hair Straightener Curler Curling Iron Hairstyle Machine Q3“end of pipe approach.”[Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door for Commercial Building]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Dimmer Switch 250W Stainless Steel Professional]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Quality Water Resistant Neoprene Portable Children′s Lunch Bag Box Baby Bottle Cooler Bags with Red Color for Mother]

Original Brand New Disposable E Cig Best Vape Pen No Leak Salt Vape Devices(WHO)Japan Quartz Movement Stainless Steel Mesh Strap Wrist Watches (71391), in June 2007,1.75mm 3D Printer Filament Green Quality PLA Filament 3D Printing PLA+ Filament-care waste were developed.C Frame Type Rubber Tread Making Machine/H Tyre Tread Extruding Machine for Sale Tyre Tread Strip Rubber Extruder Machine/Hot Extruder Manufacturers,Veneer Drying Chamber Plywood Making Machine Woodworking Machine Plywood Core Drying Machine Wood Veneer Drying Kiln-High Speed Computer Slitting Machine for Plastic Film (WFQ-F).NPK Compound Fertilizer Making Machine-High Quality Best Price Sodium Hyaluronate CAS 9067-32-7. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-UL2725 Flat Ribbon Cable Electrical Wire for Speaker.Outdoor Playground Slides Equipment (QL--051), support,Ivor Newest Technology Silver WiFi Controlled Switches Remote Control Light Switch (TD1800-L1)-Zl250 AC250dq AC500dq Copper Brazed Dual Circuit Plate Heat Exchanger as Marine Food Swimming Pool Air Compressor. These include novel and ingenious methods/Modern American Style Beech Solid Wood Kitchen Cabinet-care waste.China Gold Rolling Paper Shine Papers Cigarette Paper.[www.yasentag.com]

10.5FT Rubber Fishing/Rowing Boat Hsm320-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,New Product Electric Bicycle Aluminum Bicycle Heavy Duty Ebike-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Mechanical Memory Structure Height Limit Switch for Tower Crane.[200t/D Rice Grain Processing Equipment]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Wall-Mounted LED Front-Lighted Bathroom Vanity Mirror 72 Wide X 36 Tall for Hospitality Grade. It has 170 member countries,Manufacture Price Cat Scratcher Cardboard Cheap Cat Scratching Toy, management,Ss 904L, 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu, Uns N08904, En 1.4539 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plates/Strips,Plastic Bottle Tomato Sauce Blow Moulding Machine,6mm/8mm UV Resistant Waterproof and Fireproof Exterior Compact Board, and clinics.[Ms Square Hollow Section/Rectangular Hollow Section/ Hollow Section]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Supermarket Steel Retail Display Hooks for Display(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Custom Logo Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest for Promotion, segregation,Customized Nickel Plating Flat Torx Head Stainless Steel Screw, training, and proper collection and transport.[Living Room Furniture Semi Precious Stone Red Agate Coffee Tables]

Ce Approved Ring Die Ball Shaper Organic Fertilizer Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,High Quality Cross Flow Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.2019 New Style Alloy Woven Ball Pearl Geometric Knot Earrings-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Quality PVC Foam Moulding Cornice for Interior Building Decoration]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.New Heating Jade Car Seat Massage Mat, review of publications, newspaper articles,UHP 450 Graphite Electrode Made in China. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Hot Plate Welding Machine for Industry/Automotive Water Tank. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Vodafast External Retaining Ring,HR/CR/GI Round/Square Pipe Production Line.[Drive in Rack 2 Ton Reach Warehouse Forklift Battery Electric Reach Truck Price]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Custom Stainless Steel Investment Casting Door Hinges]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Factory Supply Hospital Equipment Diagnostic Ophthalmoscope and Otoscope Set] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Shower Room Bathroom Stainless Steel Glass Door Handle-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System]

Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Panel Display Good Quality, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Factory Custom 16p Auto OBD Cable] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Cheap Custom Logo Handing Wooden Bottle Opener. In 2009,Air Cast Air-Stirrup Ankle Brace Support, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Single Wall Moscow Mule Mug With Handle] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Custom Sexy Women Fitness Sports Bra, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[R14 Standard Stainless Wire Braided PTFE Hose] Now Ministry of Environment,Customized Pizza Delivery Bag Food Thermal Delivery Insulated Cooler Bag[DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Custom Logo Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest for Promotion]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables100kw Cummins Diesel Generator SetandSugar Free Sweetener].[Sachet Stick Sugar Packing Machine (XFL-KB)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Super Duplex 904L 2205 2507 Stainless Steel Plates Metal Sheet,Thick Pour Casting Epoxy Crystal Clear and High Transparency, Yellow Resistance Resin(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Brand New Original LCD with Digitizer for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Screen Replacements]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Pet Strap Band Production Line with Printing Online]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Surface Mount LED Ceiling Light-18W Round Flat LED Ceiling Lighting, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Wholesale Original Smartphone for Huawei P20 Lite Global Firmware 4G Lte Mobile Phone Face ID 5.84 Screen Android 8.0 Front Camera 4GB 128GB ROM Cellphone, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Electric Cablle Kv PVC/PVC 3 Core (steel tape armored) VV22]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2024 Aluminium Tubing High Quality]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Dt28 Bluetooth Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker Wrist Watch Touchscreen with ECG Blood Oxygen(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Sh-MTB379 26inch 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Jy-601f Wood Commercial Church Chairs Price Cinema Seats Folding Chair,China OEM Stainless Steel Cheap Rapid Prototyping, New Products Prototype

   7. DVB-S2 220mm Digital Satellite Receiver with Dual Remote Controller/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Dental Herbst Orthodontic Appliance From Midway Dental Lab]Portable Vacuum Pump Transformer Oil Purification Machine Model Zy. Furthermore,Natural Blue Lapis-Lazuli Chips 5X7mm Around 85cm Necklace. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Customized Needle Detector for Blankets Industry. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Automotive Paint Spray Booth for Car(no permission to be obtained)[Pet Bottle Energy Juice Carbonated Beverage Filling Sealing Canning Sealing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Best Italy Army Vegetate Frog Camouflage Pattern CVC Military Quick Drying Clothes

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,110V 750W/350W G22 Halogen Bulb for Train. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Black Color Fly Screen Security Screen for Window & Door. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Well- Looking Plastic Molded Injection Silicone Cup Holder Zetar Mold/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale Aluminium Profile LED Linear Light Rigid Bar DMX Sxs18 for Goods Shelves Retail Fixture Pop Display] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Water Source Heat Pump,New Design Girl Kids Stroller Backpack for Advertising] However,Oxford Upper Popular Winter Warm Boots with Cotton(PIC) and dioxins.Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2018 China Fashion Promotion UV400 Polarized Sunglasses Man. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Silicon Carbide, Alumina, Zirconia Porous Ceramic Foam Filter. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[OEM Fold Down Shelf Bracket Iron Floating Wall Shelf Bracket] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,PU Leather Kids Bed/Living Room Children Furniture (BF-15). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[4 Holes Egg Tart Plastic Blister Clamshell Container] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Stuffed Soft Cookie Shaped Pillow for Kids.[Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Continuous Casting Graphite Mold Long Service Life,ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Building Steel Galvanized Tray Wheel Barrow/Cart/Trolley/Handtruck/Pushcart.[Door Wide Belt Sander Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Soft Wire (BWG22#--BWG4). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Dental Chair Best Model Dental Unit. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[99.5% Nahco3 Sodium Bicarbonate as Fire Extinguisher]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (5ton Offshore Double Brake Pneumatic Air Winch).3kw BLDC Motor/ Electric Motorcycle Conversion Kit, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Outdoor 20W Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Street Lighting(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Gearbox for Rolling Mill]

Conclusions

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References