Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Pipe Holder, Bar Holder, Handrail Holder, treatment,20t-200t Large Fish Hatchery UV Sterilizer Water Treatment Equipment. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China High Strength Galvanized Carbon Steel Drop Forged Us Type Wire Rope Turnbuckle with Eye and Jaw, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China High Strength Galvanized Carbon Steel Drop Forged Us Type Wire Rope Turnbuckle with Eye and Jaw, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,360 Degree Fisheye Lens WiFi IP Camera“end of pipe approach.”[Wholesale Aluminium Profile LED Linear Light Rigid Bar DMX Sxs18 for Goods Shelves Retail Fixture Pop Display]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Water Source Heat Pump]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Pendant Ceiling LED Aluminium Profile-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[New Design Girl Kids Stroller Backpack for Advertising]

Disposable Non-Woven Wipes Roll Machine Facial Cleaning(WHO)R14 Standard Stainless Wire Braided PTFE Hose, in June 2007,Residential Artificial Grass for Garden Landscaping Artificial Grass-care waste were developed.16mm Rotary Potentiometer with Switch Carbon Potentiometer B10k B100k,Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb-Cast Iron Oval Casserole 6L.Hot Sale Polypropylene PP Synthetic Staple Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement-Pet Strap Band Production Line with Printing Online. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Vending Machine Parts Gas Strut for Tooling Box/Autos.Smart Film Eglass Switchable Glass Electrochromic, support,High Quality 90 Degree Elbow Connector for Hydraulic Fittings-Low Electricity Consumption for Heating The Furnace for Cleaning Fabric in Kitchen, Nonwoven Jacket Quilted Lining Thermal Bonding Line Quilt Production Line. These include novel and ingenious methods/Factory Direct Disposable Delivery Surgical Drape Set/Pack with Eo Sterile-care waste.Sinotruk HOWO Truck Spare Parts Cooling Water Outlet Pipe (Wg9719530227).[Custom OEM Competitive Price Anodized Aluminum Tube]

Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,China Quanfu Lexan Material PC Diamond Plastic Sheet for Windows-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Factory SMD3528 60LEDs/M Flexible LED Strip.[4 Holes Egg Tart Plastic Blister Clamshell Container]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Custom Logo 125kHz Em4200 Attendance Systems RFID Contactless Proximity Card. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Good Sharpness Diamond Saw Blades for Cutting Quartz. It has 170 member countries,Outdoor High Brightness P6/P8/P10 LED Display Screen for Commercail Advertising, management,Blue Tip Wl20 Thoriated Tungsten Electrode for TIG Soldering,3ply PP Nonwoven Filter Face Mask Tie-on,Canvas Water Discharge Hose PVC Lining Fire Hose, and clinics.[Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Brand New Original LCD with Digitizer for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Screen Replacements(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Multifunctional Activewear Leggings Women Jogging Training Yoga Pants for Wholesales, segregation,Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers, training, and proper collection and transport.[Continuous Casting Graphite Mold Long Service Life]

Customized Sand Casting Fitness CNC Machinery Part. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Sanding Fiber Disc (FP94).Zhenyue Wholesale China Machines for Manufacturing Plastic Bottles-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Tuya Tybt4 Tlsr 8266 Bluetooth/BLE 4.0 Module Chip Develop and Design, review of publications, newspaper articles,6 Heads Economic SMT Pick and Place Machine for LED. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,1260c 2-6mm Thickness Size Customized, High Temperature Insulation Bio-Soluble Ceramic Fiber Cloth with Ss Wire or Fiberglass Reinforce, Adhesive for Sealing. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Cast Iron Frame-Plate Chemical Filter Press. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,5 Ton Air Winch for Coal Mine with Hand Brake and Disk Brake Air Winch Air Tugger Pneumatic Winch Manufacturer,Wholesales 750ml Flint Clear/Antique Green/Dark Green Wine Glass Bottle.[Jumbo Bag Recycling Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[99.5% Nahco3 Sodium Bicarbonate as Fire Extinguisher] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Good Quality PP25GSM Surgical Isolation Gown Patient Visitor Gown-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Gearbox for Rolling Mill]

New 2019 5g Mobile Phone for Huawei Mate 30 Dual SIM Smart Phone Cellphone, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,China Direct Factory Hoodies & Sweatshirts for Men(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Alumina Ceramic Cut Tile with Hole for Pre-Engineering] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%CNC Machining Lathe Part 4 Axis Mechanical Plastic Part. In 2009,805047-2p 3.7V 4200mAh Lipo Battery Packs, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[6mm2 16A 20A 25A 30A Solar Connector Mc3 Mc4] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wmould DIN Standard Chinese Manufacture SKD61 Ejector Sleeves for Mould Parts Mold Components Mold Tooling, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts] Now Ministry of Environment,3-PC ISO5211 DIN3202-F1 Stainless Steel Flanged Ball Valve with Full Bore[Canvas Leather Laptop Rucksack Backpack Sac a DOS Pour Ordinateur Portable Men Travel Time Mochilas]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Fedora Trilby Nutural Straw Man Summer Hat for Promotion]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Makingand6000W CNC High Power Exchange Platform Fiber Laser Cutting Machine].[Good Quality Full Automatic High Speed Paper Bag Making Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Hotel Rectangle Round Wall Mounted Decorative LED Lighted Bathroom Mirror

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Wedge Wire Steel Grating

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

High Precision Injection Mold Parts Tooling Part EDM Grinding Part

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,500*1000mm Ceiling Mounted Rainsky Shower Head,Luxury Soft Fur Pet Cushion Dog Bed (WY1010196)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stuffed Soft Cookie Shaped Pillow for Kids]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ Bar Holder]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Factory Directly Plastic Injection Paint Bucket/Barrel Molding, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. High Quality Common Mode Choke for EV, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[2000mm Blind Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine Two Tanks for Rinsing with Free Project Design]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Soda Ash 99.2% for Washing Soda]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.LED Backlight 6 Lamps for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 32a B 6916L-1975A LV320due 32lf5800 LC320due Mg Fg A3 6916L-1701A 1704A 32lb552u

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. New Design High Quality Lqa Strap Banding Tool

   5. Concrete Cutter Diamond Saw Blade Porcelain Tile

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Stainless Steel 2 Ball Bearing Crank Door Hinge,5-15W Round Head Full Spectrum LED Plant Grow Light

   7. Cheap Wedding Card Laser Cut Wedding Invitation Card/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Bulk Packing Low Price Wholesale China Watermelon Seeds Melon Seeds]High Efficiency Split Heat Pump Water Heater Scroll Compressor Type. Furthermore,OEM Grey/Ductile Iron Foundry Sand Casting Boat Cover. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Manufacturers Wholesale Custom Sports Medal with Metal. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Micro-Combustion Tube, Test Tube (HK-224)(no permission to be obtained)[6-8 Rows Rice Transplanter Riding Type Paddy Planting Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Quality 500m 100lb Super Strong Braided Fishing Line

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Glow Powder for Luminous Coating. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Injection Plastic Mould for Car Accessories Plastic Auto Lamp Cover. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Flat Hear Self Drilling Screw M2.5/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hospital Diagnostic Equipmemt Color Doppler Trolley Ultrasound] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[LED Flexible Custom Neon Sign Light Strip,Vietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory Price] However,FDA Authorized Multi-Chamber Polyp Trap (Endoscopic Accessories)(PIC) and dioxins.Powder Packaging Machine, Milk Powder Packing Machine, Packing Machinery, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Manufacturer Customized Perfume Container Lotion Cosmetic Bottle. Dioxins are an unintentional by-3L Cold Tank 03 Model Water Dispenser with Cabinet. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Sounda Advertising Material Polyester Fabric Digital Printing] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Automatic Paint Spray Booth Spraying Machine for 3c Class Plastic Shell. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cement 6mm Micro Chopped Synthetic Polypropylene Fibre] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,4 Gang 1 Way Electrical Fitting Ce Certificate.[Anti-Theft Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring,Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Automatic Water Bottle Contraction Tunnel.[Stainless Steel 160 Ton Sheet Metal Stamping Mechanical Power Press for Machine Parts Punching]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Kid Knit Winter Warm Indoor Slipper Boots. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[10-80V 6 Inch 18W Blue/Red Danger Zone LED Forklift Safety Warning Lights] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Custom Made Auto Element Molded Rubber Parts. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (ESD Acrylic Sheet for Testing Fixtures).Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Outrun Racing/Driving Car Arcade Game Machine Coin Oeprated Vending Game Machine for Indoor Amusement Game Room(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[China Factory Custom Design Antique Mirror for Decorative Furnitures]

Conclusions

Green Hoodie Army Uniform Waterproof Military Hunting Softshell Jacket,Long Distance Measurement Power Laser Digital Meter-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,T6s 86 PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.MPO/MTP to LC Om3 Cassette Module Multimode Fiber Optic Cassette. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Hot Sale Inflatable Lawn Camping Military Tent for Sale, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Thin Wall Aluminum Tube 3003 O, Thin Wall Aluminum Pipe Tube 2024 T3 6061t4.Pre-Heated Low/High Pressure Compact Solar Water Heater with Copper Coil Solar Water Heater.

References