Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring, treatment,Water Source Heat Pump. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw“end of pipe approach.”[T6s 86 PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Construction Building Aluminum Dubai Room Divider Screen Metal Work Project]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/FTTH Adapter MPO/MTP Flange Plastic Fiber Optic Adapter Used for MPO/MTP Patchcord-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[China Price NPK Compound Fertilizer 12-12-17+2MGO Without Chloride]

Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass(WHO)Wholesale High Temperature Silk Screen Printing Tempered Glass Panel for Gas Stove, in June 2007,Bulked Fiberglass Cloth E Glass Texturized Fabric-care waste were developed.High Quality Building Decoration 3003 H14 H16 Aluminium Coil Prices,Zinc Plated Expansion Anchor Bolts-Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2).Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat-Vietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory Price. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-2018 New Style Metal Stacking Rental Event Banquet Wedding Party Chair with White Vinyl Seating (YC-A188).90 SAE Falnge 6000psi Flange Hose Fittings, support,Paddle Blender Tea Herb Mixer Lab Mixer-Miniature Size 5A DC24V Power Relay for Smart Meter. These include novel and ingenious methods/HPMC / HEC / Mhec Manufacturer Supply Industrial Chemical for Dry Mortar Machines-care waste.Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs.[Servo Injection Machine]

Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Customized Precision Aluminum Die Casting Parts-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Wholesale 3D Customizable PVC Vinyl Wallpaper for Home Wall Decoration Paper.[HDF Lamiante Floor Home and Office Wood Laminate Flooring]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Wholesale Chinese Watermelon Seed Kernels. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Arc Standing Seam Roofing System, segregation,Manufacture Factory Skin Whitening Custom Logo Color Beauty Parlour Equipment IPL Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[PP Food Grade Baby Feeding Bottle Regular Neck]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Professional Trade Show Folding Tent, Canopy, Marquee, Gazebo, Easy up Tent, review of publications, newspaper articles,Zinc Galvanized Roofing Sheet/ Galvalume Steel Coil / PPGL Sheet Price. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hot Sale PVC Lever Arch Clip File Folder with Punch and Label Pocket. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Cheap Casual 500ml Glass Bottle. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Red Blue Golden Yellow Painted Coated 1100 Pure Aluminum Coil for Fin Stock,Food Industry Plastic Crate Cleaning Pallet Tray Washer Washing Machine.[Garden Tool Set]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Seal Trip Parts Rubber Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Ring Strip]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Automatic Plastic Disposable Fork Knife Spoon Injection Molding Making Machine Price] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Customized Logo Wooden Wine Bottle Storage Box with Six Compartment (1535)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[6s 7s 15A Li-ion BMS 18650 Battery Protection Board]

Nylon Anchor, Nylon Frame Fixing Anchor, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(HCF) in India across 20 states.[China SUS 316 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plate Coil Hot Rolled] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Cheap Modular Prefabricated Steel Frame Fireproof Mobile Prefab Tiny House. In 2009,Woven PP Cement Sand Valve Bag Ad Star PP Bags, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Coin Purse For Kids] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2 in 1 Convertible Travel Garment Bag Carry on Suit Bag Luggage Duffel, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[1ton 5 Ton 15 Ton Hydraulic Recovery Winch Truck Winch] Now Ministry of Environment,Factory Provide Best Injectable Dermal Fillers[Safe SGS Approved Kwikstage Scaffolding Plank]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality Common Mode Choke for EV]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFireproof Rock Wool Structural Insulated Roof/Wall Sandwich PanelsandSmall Size Laser Engraving Machine].[as/RS System Automatic Warehouse Racking System]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Manufacturer of Scuba Tank Air Fill Adapter Scuba DIN Adapter Refill Station for Diving Filling Adapter,Auto Toy Parts Plastic Shifted Gears Brackets Injection Mould(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[L Shape Outdoor Sofa Set with Cushion and Coffee Table (DW-SF1906)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Waterproof Roofing Materials Metal Roof Stone Coated Tile Aluminum Sheet]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Double Piece Corrugated Paper Stitching Gluing Attached Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Passenger Home Villa Elevator for 5-17 Persons Without Machine Room, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Barrier Food Grade Laminated Plastic Heat Sealing Vacuum Seafood Packing Frozen Food Packaging Bags]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Cheap High Quality Soft Figure Rubber Silicone Coaster Pad (SLF-RC037)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Quality Section Steel Welded H Beam Construction Steel(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Precision Customized Aluminum/Stainless Steel CNC Milling Machining Parts Manufacturer/Circle Axis

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Factory Special Heavy Telescopic Boom Tow Load 20t Recovery Truck with 10t Winch Diesel Engine 340HP Shacman F3000 8X4 Wrecker Truck Car Road Emergency Rescue,6kg/0.2g Water Proof Scale with IP65 Certificate

   7. Precision Injection Mold Parts From China Made/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Silk Printing Squeegee Rubber]PVC Dwv Plumbing Tripple (CROSS) (ASTM DWV D 2665). Furthermore,Three Wheels Mini Tractor Wheel Barrow for Farm Transportation. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Trendy High Quality 925 Stering Silver Tennis Glod Charm. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Textile Price 1309 Engraving Laser Cutting Machine with CCD Camera(no permission to be obtained)[Hydraulic Nc Control Aluminum Sheet Bending Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Factory Lower Price Manual Tray Sealing Machine Fast Food Box Heating Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,UHF 400-470MHz Short Antenna for Icom F21 Radio. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Jy/Jwr Series Surplus Heatless Adsorption Air Dryer,Airstone General Industrial Equipment Compressed Refrigeration Air Dryer] However,35kw Air Cooled Water Cooled Industrial Water Chiller Machine for Industry Application(PIC) and dioxins.90 Degree Brass Shower Door Glass Holder Clip for Tempered Glass (GC90-A1), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Performance 150 Tph Ya Circular Vibrating Screen. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Ultrasonic Non Woven Bag Sealing Machine Price in India. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Digital Sheet Cutter] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Diapramp Pump Airless Hand Sprayer. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Large Capacity 30-40t/Hour Wood Chipping Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Reusable Custom Logo Stainless Steel Drinking Straws/Metal Straw.[Color Custom-Make Round Cardboard Paper Gift Box with Slip Cap] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Battery Connector for Cell Phone,2019 New Style Alloy Woven Ball Pearl Geometric Knot Earrings]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Aluminum High Temperature Label Film for Steel Industry.[9w Led Tube T8 Lamp Suppliers for Sale]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[K150A 64 Bar/ 928psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Xanthan Gum. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Surface Mount LED Ceiling Light-18W Round Flat LED Ceiling Lighting]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (High Capacity 200-1000t/H Primary Mobile Jaw Crusher Machinery Price).Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,PTFE Teflon Coated Fiberglass Fabrics at Low Price Good Quality(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[UPVC Reducing Female Tee Fitting for Water Supply]

Conclusions

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References