Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Sanitary Batch High Shear Emulsifier Mixer, treatment,Customized Color Regular Size Plastic Guardrail Reflector for Traffic Safety. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Cartridge Heaters MGO Powder Filling Machines, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Cartridge Heaters MGO Powder Filling Machines, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,New Type Plastic Twin Screw Extruder Tse Series Screw Element“end of pipe approach.”[Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door for Commercial Building]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Dimmer Switch 250W Stainless Steel Professional]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Customized Stainless Steel 304 Puncture Needle Cannula with Flaring Process-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Quality Water Resistant Neoprene Portable Children′s Lunch Bag Box Baby Bottle Cooler Bags with Red Color for Mother]

Automatic Orange Juice Canning Machinery(WHO)Auto Pond Copper Wire Clean Water Pump with Pressure Vessel, in June 2007,HDMI Multiscreen Splicing Video Wall Controller Szbitc 4*4 Video Processor 4 Input and 4 Output Support Splice, Switch, Split, Pip, Window, Roam, Zoom-care waste were developed.Kids Cartoon Silicone Colorful Swim Cap,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve Bsp Thread-Colorfull Craft Paper Bags 25kg Industrial.Dead Sea Mud /Aloe & Dead Sea Mud/Snail &Dead Sea Mud Black Mask Remove Blackhead Mask Box-Packed-Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-J1/J3/J4/J5 Kenya Stainless Steel Pipe Price.Foshan Wholesale Modern Design Ceramic Floor Tile 30X30, support,Wholesale Waterproof PVC Foam Board Special Sheet for Bathroom Cabinet-Durable High Stiffness and Accuracy Sfi Ball Screw. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter-care waste.Rubber Flooring for Playground Rubber Gym Flooring.[1.6m Non-woven Fabrics Medical Grade]

Water Source Heat Pump-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw.[200t/D Rice Grain Processing Equipment]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,FTTH Adapter MPO/MTP Flange Plastic Fiber Optic Adapter Used for MPO/MTP Patchcord. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Personalized Beer Glass Logo Custom 480ml Pint Glass Drinking Glass. It has 170 member countries,Wholesale High Temperature Silk Screen Printing Tempered Glass Panel for Gas Stove, management,Bulked Fiberglass Cloth E Glass Texturized Fabric,High Quality Building Decoration 3003 H14 H16 Aluminium Coil Prices,Zinc Plated Expansion Anchor Bolts, and clinics.[Ms Square Hollow Section/Rectangular Hollow Section/ Hollow Section]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wooden Design Vinyl Floor/PVC Outdoor Interlocking Plastic Flooring / PVC Floor / PVC Floor Tiles/ Mat, segregation,Vietnam CaCO3 Power Produce Filler Masterbatch with Factory Price, training, and proper collection and transport.[Living Room Furniture Semi Precious Stone Red Agate Coffee Tables]

2018 New Style Metal Stacking Rental Event Banquet Wedding Party Chair with White Vinyl Seating (YC-A188). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,90 SAE Falnge 6000psi Flange Hose Fittings.Paddle Blender Tea Herb Mixer Lab Mixer-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Quality PVC Foam Moulding Cornice for Interior Building Decoration]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Miniature Size 5A DC24V Power Relay for Smart Meter, review of publications, newspaper articles,HPMC / HEC / Mhec Manufacturer Supply Industrial Chemical for Dry Mortar Machines. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Customized Precision Aluminum Die Casting Parts,Wholesale 3D Customizable PVC Vinyl Wallpaper for Home Wall Decoration Paper.[Hoist Tower Crane Hoisting Limited Switch]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Custom Stainless Steel Investment Casting Door Hinges]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Factory Supply Hospital Equipment Diagnostic Ophthalmoscope and Otoscope Set] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Wholesale Chinese Watermelon Seed Kernels-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Bmvr200 Roots Type Vacuum Pump for Air vacuum System]

1.0 Ton Small Backhoe Crawler Mini Excavator Digger Machine for Sale, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Solar Wall & Lawn Light with LED Lamp(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Factory Custom 16p Auto OBD Cable] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hudraulic Excavator Scrap Grab for Waste Steel Grabber for Scrap. In 2009,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Arcade Small Round Push Buttons Factory OEM/ODM Products] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,TV Plug 9.5mm Male/Female, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[R14 Standard Stainless Wire Braided PTFE Hose] Now Ministry of Environment,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring[DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Custom Logo Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest for Promotion]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables100kw Cummins Diesel Generator SetandCbd Oil Vaping Pen].[Sachet Stick Sugar Packing Machine (XFL-KB)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Arc Standing Seam Roofing System,Manufacture Factory Skin Whitening Custom Logo Color Beauty Parlour Equipment IPL Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Brand New Original LCD with Digitizer for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Screen Replacements]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Pet Strap Band Production Line with Printing Online]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.FiberMania 1u Sliding Fiber Optic Patch Panel Loaded with SC Simplex Single Mode Adapters, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Printed Citcuit Board Manufacture, PCB Board Factory, 94 V0 PCB, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Electric Cablle Kv PVC/PVC 3 Core (steel tape armored) VV22]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2024 Aluminium Tubing High Quality]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/G372xt Gasoline Chain Saw for Husqvarna 372X Torq Chainsaw Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Professional Trade Show Folding Tent, Canopy, Marquee, Gazebo, Easy up Tent

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Zinc Galvanized Roofing Sheet/ Galvalume Steel Coil / PPGL Sheet Price

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Cheap Casual 500ml Glass Bottle,Red Blue Golden Yellow Painted Coated 1100 Pure Aluminum Coil for Fin Stock

   7. Food Industry Plastic Crate Cleaning Pallet Tray Washer Washing Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[m.waterdroprofilter.com]Customized Logo Wooden Wine Bottle Storage Box with Six Compartment (1535). Furthermore,Nylon Anchor, Nylon Frame Fixing Anchor. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Cheap Modular Prefabricated Steel Frame Fireproof Mobile Prefab Tiny House(no permission to be obtained)[Pet Bottle Energy Juice Carbonated Beverage Filling Sealing Canning Sealing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Woven PP Cement Sand Valve Bag Ad Star PP Bags

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,2 in 1 Convertible Travel Garment Bag Carry on Suit Bag Luggage Duffel. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Three Wheels Mini Tractor Wheel Barrow for Farm Transportation. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Trendy High Quality 925 Stering Silver Tennis Glod Charm/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale Aluminium Profile LED Linear Light Rigid Bar DMX Sxs18 for Goods Shelves Retail Fixture Pop Display] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Water Source Heat Pump,New Design Girl Kids Stroller Backpack for Advertising] However,Textile Price 1309 Engraving Laser Cutting Machine with CCD Camera(PIC) and dioxins.Fashion Women Hair Accessories Hair Bow Retro Tiara Handmade Headband for Girls, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Factory Lower Price Manual Tray Sealing Machine Fast Food Box Heating Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wheel Bolt/Hexagon Socket Head Bolt/T-Type Bolt/Full Tread Bolt/Female /Male Bolt. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Custom Guangzhou T Shirt Factory Cotton Printing Kid′s T Shirts] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,014 Reflective Ribbon with Black Color. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[4 Holes Egg Tart Plastic Blister Clamshell Container] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Car Engine Accessories, Auto Engine Parts, Spare Parts, Auto Parts Plastic Injection Mold.[Stainless Steel 304 Torx Flat Head Self Tapping Wood Screw] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Continuous Casting Graphite Mold Long Service Life,ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Women Big Plus Size Swimwear Bathing Suits Swimsuit.[Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Prefabricated 20/40 Foot Modula Container Homes Buildings, Office Container for Sale. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Free Design Toughened Glass with Digital Printing] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[99.5% Nahco3 Sodium Bicarbonate as Fire Extinguisher]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Multi Span Glass Greenhouse Intelligent Glass/PC Greenhouse for Planting/Cultivation/Agriculture).Soda Ash 99.2% for Washing Soda, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Factory Custom Zinc Alloy Gold Plating Personalized 3D Emblem Award Military Army Us Police Pins Badges School Sport Enamel Metal Crafts Badges(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Gearbox for Rolling Mill]

Conclusions

Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable,Xanthan Gum-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,High Capacity 200-1000t/H Primary Mobile Jaw Crusher Machinery Price. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,PTFE Teflon Coated Fiberglass Fabrics at Low Price Good Quality, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Planks/Metal Deck for Construction.CNC CO2 Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine with CCD Camera Machine for Clothing, Carton Factory.

References