Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Microfiber Printed Quick-Dry Printed Coral Fleece Flannel Blanket, treatment,Jonathan Adler Velvet Brass Dining Chair. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Water Soluble Natural Hemp Extract 10% Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Water Soluble Natural Hemp Extract 10% Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Living Room Furniture Modern Leather Sofa with Real Leather“end of pipe approach.”[Long Range UHF RFID Smart Labels for Industrial Logistics]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Custom Made Precision CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Machining Parts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/HD 65 Inch 1080P Free Standing LCD Advertising Totem Digital Signage-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cable Making machine Spareparts Mould]

Single Side Lapped Polisher Machine Supply by Manufacturer for Optics Substrate Silicone Carbide(WHO)Inflatable Water Tube Durable Easy Clean Floating Water Mat, in June 2007,High Quality CMC Food Grade White Powder China ISO Manufacturer-care waste were developed.Ouco Folding Boom Truck Mounted Crane with Hydraulic System,Waste Aging Transformer Oil Regeneration Unit-Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy.Glitter PU Synthetic Shoes Leather-Clear Decal Empty Glass Milk Bottle with Plastic Cap. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-17 Inch HD Dental Monitor 800 Mega Intraoral Camera Multimedia.6 Bands All Remote Controls Jammer / RF Jammer (315/433/868/915MHz), support,ISO High Security Customized Logo Printed RFID Contact IC Card-Dsola Factory Prices Fire Proof Solar Panel Connector Plugs. These include novel and ingenious methods/Fashion Kids Sports Digital Watch Children Watch Relogio (DF-MW079)-care waste.Auto Parts Motorcycle Engine Spare Parts Rg4hc Spark Plugs.[New Design Non Woven Eco Handbag Making Machine Zxl-D700]

Maleic Anhydride CAS 108-31-6-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,PVC Hexagonal Gabion Protection Wire Mesh-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Automatic Noodle Packing Machine with Weighers.[Outdoor Hanging Aluminum and Stainless Steel Perforated Cable Tray with High Quality]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Building Materials Concrete Mortar Additive PP Polypropylene Fiber 19mm. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Non-Woven Slitting and Rewinding Machine. It has 170 member countries,Rosa Hand Sewing Needles Size No. 2, management,Best Quality Glass Greenhouses Used,Aluminum Durable Plastic Traffic Road Studs Reflectors for Roadway Safety,H. 265 2.0megapixel 4X Zoom (2.8-12mm) IP IR Waterproof Camera, and clinics.[Automatic Excellent Cocoa or Coffee Powder Packing Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Komatsu Hpv95/Hpv132 Excavator Hydraulic Pump Spare Parts Direct From Factory(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Animatronic Dinosaur Exporter Life Size Dinosaur Model, segregation,Color Coated Galvanized Steel Coil with 20 Years Experience, training, and proper collection and transport.[Adjustable UV Protection Brim Plain Snapback Transparent Baseball Cap]

Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,High Manganese Mantle Cone Crusher Parts for Terex RC60 Cone Crusher.High Density Insulation XPS Foam Board for Building Industry-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Multipurpose Promotional Cheap Lint Free Industrial Cleaning Paper]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Metal Detector, Conveyor Metal Detectors Machine, Jl-IMD3010 for Food Product, review of publications, newspaper articles,Portable Heat Resistant Customized Colorful Silicone Cigarette Ashtray with Stainless Steel Cigarette Holder. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,13oz 370ml Best Quality Container Chrome Food Packaging Soft-Touch Plastic Bottle. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Traffic Road Marker Traffic Pavement Reflector Plastic Road Stud. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,China Supplier Ha Dermal Filler Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Deep,Kids 2019 Salute to Service Falcons Chargers Colts Long-Sleeve T-Shirts.[New Design Sexy Illusions Strapless Ladies Underwear Bra]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Best Quality Wholesale Disposable Vape Pen Pod Smoking Device with Indicator Light]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[3mx1.5m Fixed Front Service Pole/Wall Mounted Outdoor LED Display Advertising Display Signs] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Eye Bolts M30 DIN580 Anchor Lifting Rigging-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Elastic Paisley Bandana Knot Rabbit Ear Bow Headbands for Women Girls]

Acrylic Trophy Plexiglass Awards Plexiglass Medal Acrylic Medal Acrylic Awards Wholesale Acrylic Engraved Acrylic Plaques, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Cheap Advertising Custom Sublimation Hat Blanks Kids Cotton Baseball Mesh Cap Hat for Sublimation Printing(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Temperature Thermocouple Compensating Cable K] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan. In 2009,Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Diamond Jewellery Vine Shape Engagement Ring, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[cnvegeprotein] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Custom Brand Unrefined Raw Hemp Cigarette Rolling Paper, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Wholesale Glass Perfume Bottle 60ml for Women] Now Ministry of Environment,Pond Self Priming Booster suction  Water Pump with Pressure Sensor[Aluminium Metal Roller Shutters Roller Shutter Parts Rolling Door]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [24V 100ah BMS Protect Circuit Module for LiFePO4 Battery]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables100% Virgin Raw Material Best Glass Acrylic Aquarium Manufacturers for Swimming PoolandHigh Performance Cutting PTFE/Teflon Seal].[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Chubont Padded Laptop Bag Double Shoulder Backpack with Earphone Cable,Aramid Needle Felt Nomex Filter Bags Dust Collector Filters(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Hans Manufacturers in China Mini Knitting Needles Bamboo]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Low Temperature Industrial Air Cooled Screw Chiller for Sea Water]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.20-110mm PPR/PE/PP Drinking Water Supply Pipe Making Machinery Manufacturing Line, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality Aerial Communications GYTC8S Figure 8 Cable Fibre Optic (6-144f)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2019 Automatic Liquid Mineral Water Filling Machine Price Water Bottle Filling Machine Juice Can Filling Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Hans Manufacturers in China Mini Knitting Needles Bamboo(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.330ml/500ml/640ml Blue Color Glass Beer Bottles with Printing

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Home Emergency Power Supply Portable Solar Power Generator 300W AC Output,Precision Plastic Bluetooth Earphone Accessories Automotive Parts by Injection Molding

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Factory Supply Industry Grade Sodium Gluconate]Air Cooled Water Chiller for Wine Stick. Furthermore,Aquarium Ocean Park Water Treatment Ozone Generator. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Rotary Evaporation Unit Vacuum Distillation Equipment. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Sany 53m Truck-Mounted Concrete Pump(no permission to be obtained)[EAS Security Mini Pencil Am Hard Tag with Lanyard]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,TV Coaxial Connector PAL Male - Female Plug

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Rubber Floor Tile Curing Press. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Stainless Steel Steel 316 with Good Antibacterial Properties/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hox Fix Rhinestone Clothing Transfer Valentine Transfer (HMV-02)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[LED 60W All in One Solar Street Light with Good Price,Canadian Factory Price Jewelry Equipment Suppliers Display Showcase for Store] However,Building Material Hot Dipped Galvanized Corrugated Roofing Sheet(PIC) and dioxins.(SP-GT354) Elegant Artificial Marble Stone Top Dining Tulip Table, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Precision Machining Nylon High Load Wear Resistant Industrial Suspension Winch Drive Turbine,Machined Plastic Parts,CNC Plastic Machining,Milling Plastic Materi. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2019 Automatic Liquid Mineral Water Filling Machine Price Water Bottle Filling Machine Juice Can Filling Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[30ml 50ml 100ml 130ml Cosmetic Bottle] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Free Samples Cheap Custom Festival RFID Woven Fabric Wristband. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[New Running Shoes] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,10ml Clear Glass Apple Shape Car Hanging Perfume Bottle Diffuser Bottle with Wooden Cap.[Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine Corrugated Cardboard Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Welding Wire Er70s-6 / Er50-6 / Sg2,Milling Plastic Materi]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.New Running Shoes, Skateboard Shoes, Outdoor Shoes, Men′s Shoes.[API Ci-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky103]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Snow Fat Tire Full Suspension Electric Bike with Lithium Battery. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Ad64150 Type Heavy Duty Industrial Shock Absorbers for Printing Machine or Equipment] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Elegant Rustic Spanish Design Porcelana Ceramica Matt Wall Tiles 600X1200. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Medical Equipment Syringe Pumps Digital Portable Infusion Pumps]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Misumi Non-Standard Components Hardware Mold Parts Quality SKD11 Oval Punch).Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Custom Made 5%Nicotine Salt Disposable Vape Pen Pod Device E Cigarette(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Gymnastics Inflatable Trampoline Tumble Track Mattress for Jumping]

Conclusions

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References