Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Precision Plastic Bluetooth Earphone Accessories Automotive Parts by Injection Molding, treatment,Chinese Agriculture Rice Combine Harvester 4lz-5.0z. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Air Cooled Water Chiller for Wine Stick, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Air Cooled Water Chiller for Wine Stick, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Aquarium Ocean Park Water Treatment Ozone Generator“end of pipe approach.”[Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wooden Home Office Furniture Computer Desk with Drawer]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Rotary Evaporation Unit Vacuum Distillation Equipment-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Automatic Mineral Water Plastic Bottle Wrap Heat Shrinking Bagging Machine]

Sany 53m Truck-Mounted Concrete Pump(WHO)TV Coaxial Connector PAL Male - Female Plug, in June 2007,Rubber Floor Tile Curing Press-care waste were developed.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural,Ceiling Housing Factoty Proce COB LED Adjustable Anti Glare Bulb Lamp 6W/10W LED Downlight LED Ceilinglight LED Spot Light LED Light LED Down Light-Laijuda Ljdd630 Red Color Welding Machine.Polypropylene Fiber Mesh Form for Concrete-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Car Parking or Access Control 2.4 GHz Active RFID Card.Wholesale RFID Blocking Clutch Flower Leather Zipper Pocket Wallet with Card Holder Organizer, support,Custom China Automatic Metal/Plastic/Aluminum Turning Parts Accessories-Solar Home System 4000W Best Hybrid Solar Inverter System. These include novel and ingenious methods/2V500ah Solar Battery Bank with The Latest Technology-care waste.2-30mm 4*8FT Acrylic Sheet Cut to Size.[China Custom notebook]

1/4 3/16 5/32 1/8 Bicycle Carbon Steel Ball Chrome Steel Ball Stainless Steel Ball Roller Conveyors, Castors, Locks, Bearing Units-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hand Made Custom Soccer Football Logo Cap Emblem Embroidery Patch Badge at Low Price-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah.[Hot Sale 750ml Dark Green Glass Bordeaux Bottle]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Stainless Steel Steel 316 with Good Antibacterial Properties. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Building Material Hot Dipped Galvanized Corrugated Roofing Sheet. It has 170 member countries,(SP-GT354) Elegant Artificial Marble Stone Top Dining Tulip Table, management,Precision Machining Nylon High Load Wear Resistant Industrial Suspension Winch Drive Turbine,Machined Plastic Parts,CNC Plastic Machining,Milling Plastic Materi,2019 Automatic Liquid Mineral Water Filling Machine Price Water Bottle Filling Machine Juice Can Filling Machine,Free Samples Cheap Custom Festival RFID Woven Fabric Wristband, and clinics.[Electronic Component Msrelay Relay Malc-S-112-a-L2-1]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)10ml Clear Glass Apple Shape Car Hanging Perfume Bottle Diffuser Bottle with Wooden Cap(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.New Running Shoes, Skateboard Shoes, Outdoor Shoes, Men′s Shoes, segregation,Snow Fat Tire Full Suspension Electric Bike with Lithium Battery, training, and proper collection and transport.[Eco-Friendly Nature Fiber 80% Silk Wadding for Quilt]

Elegant Rustic Spanish Design Porcelana Ceramica Matt Wall Tiles 600X1200. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Misumi Non-Standard Components Hardware Mold Parts Quality SKD11 Oval Punch.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Quality EPC Gen 2 UHF RFID Epoxy Card]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Made 5%Nicotine Salt Disposable Vape Pen Pod Device E Cigarette, review of publications, newspaper articles,New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Seat Turning Parts/Machining Parts Customized Processing. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Large Water Tank Cleaning Airport Runway Rubber Remove Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,AISI P20 P21 718 Forged Annealed Peeled Block Cold Working Die Steel,10 Ton Handling Equipment Crane Hoist with  Forged Hook.[Air Compressor Parts]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[ Aluminum Circuit Board]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[CNC Machined Turning Metal Auto Spare Automatic Central Machinery Forging Machining Machine Turned Lathe Part] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,5052 H32 H34 H26 H38 Mill Finish Surface Alloy Aluminum Coil with Blue Transparent Film-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[32 Inches Color LCD LED HD Ready TV]

18 Ports Sc/APC Fiber Optic Connector Polishing Jig Fixture Holder, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Hot Sale 15ml Reusable Perfume Atomizer Liquid Dispenser Fine Mist Spray Glass Bottle(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Cotton/Blend Bale Plucker -Rotary Type/ Small Pressed Cotton Picking Machine Automatic Cotton Disc Catching Machine/ Two-Process Picker Machine for Cotton] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%TV Background Wall Coating Wall Paper Design PVC 3D Wallpaper Washable. In 2009,Vehicle Car Brake Drum 42431-60280 for Toyota Land Cruiser Fzj100, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[UTP Cat. 5e 48ports 1 U 19 High-Density Patch Panel] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Steam Heating Jacketed Boiler with Agitator, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[White Powder STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% for Industrial Grade] Now Ministry of Environment,Wholesale Empty Red Black Ice Wine 500ml 1000ml 750ml Wine Bottle Glass with Cork[Children Plastic Outdoor Playground Amusement Equipment with Ce/ISO Certificate]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Handle Operation Flanged Lined PFA Butterfly Valve (D41F46)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables7.0 Inch Wireless Video Baby Monitor with Dual CamerasandHigh Quality Water Automatic Pig Feeder for Piglet].[ 3.0 Hiace 2.5]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Custom 10mm Metallic Sequin Velvet Ribbons,Custom Processing Aluminium Hardware Metal Machinery CNC Milling Turning Parts(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Custom Print HDPE/LDPE Plastic T-Shirt Shopping Vest Bags with Gusset]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[1.27mm Pitch IDC Wire to Board Connector LCP Material Black]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Large Diameter Sizes Square Steel Pipe Rectangular Pipe, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Multi-Function Face Lift Ultrasonic Cavitation Carving Instrument RF Vacuum Slimming Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Laser Cutting Fume Clean System / Smoke Evacuator for Laser]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Ce Certificate Forging Machine for Rebar Couplers]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Cheap Stylish Safety Shoes for Construction Workers(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Double-Sided Clear Lids 16 Compartments 100% Waterproof Fly Fishing Terminal Fishing Tackle Fly Box 09A-H029

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Cuticle Aligned Raw Indian Human Hair Unprocessed Virgin Hair,4X2 Factory Price Widely Used Dongfeng 10000 Liters 190HP Vacuum Sewage Suction Tank Truck Fecal Suction Tanker Truck

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[www.excaliburgenerator.com]Home Sauce Glass Candy Bottles Oil 205 Ml Jam Jar. Furthermore,6 Colors Flexo Printing Machine for Label. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,4X2 6t 8t Wrecker Truck Rotator Tow Truck for Sale. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Colorful Cloth Sleeve Sports Glass Water Bottle with Metal Lid(no permission to be obtained)[Custom Processing Aluminium Hardware Metal Machinery CNC Milling Turning Parts]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Peppermint Taste Activated Charcoal Coconut Oil Mouthwash for Oil Pulling

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Above Counter Countertop Basin Solid Surface Wash Basin. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Mini Competitive Automatic Oil Press Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Filtersand Anthracite/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Baby Diaper Bag Backpack Mummy Baby Bag with Changing Pad,Dtp Un MSDS Certified 603443 3.7V 850mAh Lipo Battery Cell with Jst Connector] However,Made in China Aluminum Foil Container Production Line(PIC) and dioxins.Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Industrial Filter Cloth / Filter Fabric / Nonwoven Needle Felt for Dust. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[PTFE Teflon Piston Seal for Excavator Application] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,LED PCB, Aluminum Circuit Board. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[ASME/ANSI B94.9 HSS Machine and Hand Adjustable Round Dies (JL-HRD10)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Copper Free Bathroom Mirror, LED Illuminated, Frameless (BRM60120VL).[Ss Wafer Type H74 Check Valve] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[School Wooden Blue Fireproof Table Desk for Child (HG-4001),Nail Making Mould Used for Z94-1c Nail Making Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring with Black Helix.[Brass Tap Factory OEM/ODM Products]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Ss Wafer Type H74 Check Valve. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[250kg~400kg Small Capacity Home Lift] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,409 Stainless Steel Pipe for Car Truck Exhaust. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[CNC Machining]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)).China Manufacturer Custom Metal Embossed 3D Antique Gold Plating Falcon Eagle Badge with Velvet Box, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Customized Resin Snow Globe with Music for Christmas Deco(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle]

Conclusions

Food Grade Silicon Rubber Strips for Food Machine,FDA Pharmaceutical PVC Film PVC Transparent Sheet for Packing-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Table Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machine Cut Auto Parts. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Hot Sale Coral Fleece Hotel Bathrobe (DPFT8070). The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Large Capacity Complete Stone Mobile Crusher Plant, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-ISO Programmable High Low Temperature Environmental Test Chamber.Women Fashion Round Neck Long Sleeve Customized Clothes (19-336).

References