Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)10ml Clear Glass Apple Shape Car Hanging Perfume Bottle Diffuser Bottle with Wooden Cap, treatment,New Running Shoes, Skateboard Shoes, Outdoor Shoes, Men′s Shoes. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Snow Fat Tire Full Suspension Electric Bike with Lithium Battery, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Snow Fat Tire Full Suspension Electric Bike with Lithium Battery, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Elegant Rustic Spanish Design Porcelana Ceramica Matt Wall Tiles 600X1200“end of pipe approach.”[Large Capacity High Frequency Vibrating Screen for Mining/Sand/Stone]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Table Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machine Cut Auto Parts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Misumi Non-Standard Components Hardware Mold Parts Quality SKD11 Oval Punch-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2019 New Design Cast Iron Oval Roaster Casserole Cocotte]

Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10(WHO)Custom Made 5%Nicotine Salt Disposable Vape Pen Pod Device E Cigarette, in June 2007,New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack-care waste were developed.Seat Turning Parts/Machining Parts Customized Processing,Large Water Tank Cleaning Airport Runway Rubber Remove Machine-AISI P20 P21 718 Forged Annealed Peeled Block Cold Working Die Steel.10 Ton Handling Equipment Crane Hoist with  Forged Hook-5052 H32 H34 H26 H38 Mill Finish Surface Alloy Aluminum Coil with Blue Transparent Film. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-18 Ports Sc/APC Fiber Optic Connector Polishing Jig Fixture Holder.Hot Sale 15ml Reusable Perfume Atomizer Liquid Dispenser Fine Mist Spray Glass Bottle, support,TV Background Wall Coating Wall Paper Design PVC 3D Wallpaper Washable-Vehicle Car Brake Drum 42431-60280 for Toyota Land Cruiser Fzj100. These include novel and ingenious methods/Steam Heating Jacketed Boiler with Agitator-care waste.Wholesale Empty Red Black Ice Wine 500ml 1000ml 750ml Wine Bottle Glass with Cork.[200 Watt High Bay Led Light High Quality Supplier]

Custom 10mm Metallic Sequin Velvet Ribbons-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Processing Aluminium Hardware Metal Machinery CNC Milling Turning Parts-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Large Diameter Sizes Square Steel Pipe Rectangular Pipe.[LED Pick and Place Machine LED640V]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Multi-Function Face Lift Ultrasonic Cavitation Carving Instrument RF Vacuum Slimming Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Cheap Stylish Safety Shoes for Construction Workers. It has 170 member countries,Double-Sided Clear Lids 16 Compartments 100% Waterproof Fly Fishing Terminal Fishing Tackle Fly Box 09A-H029, management,Automatic Drum Sandblast Machine for Batch Processing of Small Parts,1001e G Spot Dildo Silicone Self-Heating Vibrator for Women Dual Vibration Waterproof Female Vagina Clitoris Massager Sex Toy,Cuticle Aligned Raw Indian Human Hair Unprocessed Virgin Hair, and clinics.[Factory Price Ethyl Cellulose Ceramics CMC]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)4X2 Factory Price Widely Used Dongfeng 10000 Liters 190HP Vacuum Sewage Suction Tank Truck Fecal Suction Tanker Truck(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Quality Scalp Vein Set, segregation,Home Sauce Glass Candy Bottles Oil 205 Ml Jam Jar, training, and proper collection and transport.[Plastic Inection Mold for Evaporative Air Cooler Conditioner Fan Plastic Shell Humidifier Home Office Bedroom Mini Portable Air Cooler]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Peppermint Taste Activated Charcoal Coconut Oil Mouthwash for Oil Pulling, review of publications, newspaper articles,Above Counter Countertop Basin Solid Surface Wash Basin. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,No. 1070 Common Rail Leaking Testing Tools for Valve Assembly. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Precision Plastic Injection Mold for Communication Accessories. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Bipolar Electrocoagulation Forceps Adapted to Radiofrequency Equipment,High Carbon Steel Wire/High Quality 3mm Diameter Galvanized Steel Wire Rope for Hanger.[Mining Drilling Tool]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Creative Novel Hulk Men Green Bamboo Wood Watches Male Fashion Casual Quartz Thin Genuine Leather Band Wooden Wristwatch -V226]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Ultrafine Tungsten Powder Price] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Flashlight Kits AAA Battery Zoom Rechargeable Hunting Multi-Function LED Torch Flashlight-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Men′s Classic Compression Workout Short Leggings]

Children Plastic Outdoor Playground Amusement Equipment with Ce/ISO Certificate, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Polyurethane Rubber Stripper for Slitting Line(HCF) in India across 20 states.[CNC Machining Bike Parts Bicycle Precision Fittings Custom Aluminum Bike Parts] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor. In 2009,PE Pneumatic Fitting One Touch Air Conncetor by Airtac Type, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Hemp Jar] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Quality ASA Coated PVC Spanish Synthetic Resin Roof Tile, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Aquarium Water Purification Ozone Generator for] Now Ministry of Environment,Customized Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube for Railing Staircase Construction[Mechanical Workshop Small Radial Drilling Machine Z3032 Price Discount]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [0.2 Micron PP Membrane Pleated Filter Cartridge Industrial Water Filter]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Industrial MicroscopeandBall Valve Body Valve Parts].[Wholesales Wine Empty 280ml Glass Drink Cold Whiskey Bottle]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Large Outdoor Simple Gazebo Beer Festival Marquee Tent,Printable Inkjet Black PVC Plastic Mirror Clear Transparent Card with Customized Logo(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Removable Dental Implant Disease Teaching Teeth Model]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[90% Alumina Ceramic Ball as Catalyst Carrier and Chemical Packing]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Mini Competitive Automatic Oil Press Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Filtersand Anthracite, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Automatic Riding Type 8 Rows Diesel Gasoline Rice Transplanter]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Creative Letter Cute Mini Coin Purse with Zipper Children′s Wallet Wholesale]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Made in China Aluminum Foil Container Production Line(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,LED PCB, Aluminum Circuit Board,Copper Free Bathroom Mirror, LED Illuminated, Frameless (BRM60120VL)

   7. Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring with Black Helix/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[5 Colors Sticker Label Flexographic Printer]Ss Wafer Type H74 Check Valve. Furthermore,409 Stainless Steel Pipe for Car Truck Exhaust. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,China Manufacturer Custom Metal Embossed 3D Antique Gold Plating Falcon Eagle Badge with Velvet Box(no permission to be obtained)[Chubont Padded Laptop Bag Double Shoulder Backpack with Earphone Cable]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Customized Resin Snow Globe with Music for Christmas Deco

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,19 32 40 50 Inch Ultra Smart Full 1080P HD Color LCD LED TV. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,FDA Pharmaceutical PVC Film PVC Transparent Sheet for Packing. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Table Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machine Cut Auto Parts/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Lh Series Squeeze Hose Industrial Peristaltic Concrete Pump] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Personalized Jewelry Hang Tags (BY80243),17r Sharpy 350W Beam Moving Head 3 in 1] However,Hot Sale Coral Fleece Hotel Bathrobe (DPFT8070)(PIC) and dioxins.Large Capacity Complete Stone Mobile Crusher Plant, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.ISO Programmable High Low Temperature Environmental Test Chamber. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Women Fashion Round Neck Long Sleeve Customized Clothes (19-336). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Economic Full Automatic LED Pick and Place Machine for LED Strip Making] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Auto Industries CNC Machining Parts, Custom Medical Device CNC Machining Service, Home Entertainment Accessories CNC Machining. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot Sale Light Tube DMX Winch Lighting Sphere Motorized LED Lift Balls] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Adjustable Folding Infant Feeding Baby Highchair.[OEM 100% Cotton Plush Fleece Baby Blanket for Baby Girls and Baby Boys Blanket] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panel,China OEM Manufacturers Supply 8 Person Golf Cart (DG-C6+2)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Z3506 Wholesale Printed Electric Toothbrush Packing Corrugated Box.[Self-Locking /Adjustableprinted Logo Hook & Loop Velcro Cable Ties]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.High Quality 10 Inch Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Schedule 40. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Bisphenol-a Epoxy Vinyl Ester Resin] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Stainless Steel 310S ASTM A312 Seamless Pipe. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[5/16′′ Grade R Welding Twin Hose for American Market]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (13.56MHz Bright Gold Digital Cylider Door Lock).Salt Spray Corrosion Testing Machine/Salt Spray Test Chamber, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,12V DC Compressor Solar Power Mini Refrigerator Freezer Fridge(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[18 Persons 1350 Kg Heavy Load Hospital Bed Stretcher Patient Passenger Elevator]

Conclusions

Melt Pressure Transducer (PT133),Men′s Smart Watch Bluetooth Touch Andrews Ios Wearable Sports Heart Rate Fashion Watch-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Split Frame Electric Pipe Cold Cutting and Beveling Machine. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Optical Achromat Lens, Laser Achromat Lens. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Silvery Double Sides Reflective Stretch Fabric, High Visibility Reflective Fabric Tape, Reflex Materials, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Fashion Women and Men Clothes Clothing Sweat Track Suit Fitness Sports Wear.Glass Vodka/ Wine/Spirits Bottle/Crystal Liquor Bottle with Frosting and Decal 900ml.

References