Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)En837-1 Yn-100 Marine Oil Filled Marine Industrial Pressure Gauge, treatment,Wholesale Iron Oxide Pigments for Cosmetics. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Antique Green/Amber Bordeaux Glass Red Wine Bottle, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Antique Green/Amber Bordeaux Glass Red Wine Bottle, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Customizable Industrial Auto Electrical Wire Harness with OEM ODM Service“end of pipe approach.”[Hot Sale Sexy Lace Underwear Set Push up Bra with Boyshort (FPY318)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[White Design Lamination PVC Wall Panel 25cm 8mm 7.5mm]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Wooden Home Office Furniture Computer Desk with Drawer-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[13oz 370ml Best Quality Container Chrome Food Packaging Soft-Touch Plastic Bottle]

Handle Operation Flanged Lined PFA Butterfly Valve (D41F46)(WHO)Tangshan Weilang Cast Steel Work Roll for Bar Mills, in June 2007,Precast H-Type Light Steel Office Steel Structure Material-care waste were developed.Tejas Roofing Material Flexible Plastic Sheet Low Price PVC Sheet for Roof,Automatic Facial Tissue Paper Hand Towel Single Packing Machine-Wall Hanging 24 Inch TFT LCD HD 1920*1080 Digital Photo Frame for Advertising Display.High Quality Car Seat Electric Recliner for RV Electric Seat-New China Ice Cube Making Machines/Small Cube Ice Machine/Ice Cube Machine Maker. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Factory Wholesale Pet Laser Printing Sheet for Credit Card.Good Quality Plastic Flip Top Cap for Threaded Bottle, support,UL-1672 Reinforced Hook-up Wire 18-28AWG PVC, Cable, , RoHS, LED Lighting, Audio Cable, Automotive Wire Harness-Japan Paper Straw Fabric Sun Hat (CPHC8027X). These include novel and ingenious methods/Shuttering Formwork Building Material Indoor Melamine Environmental Protection Poplar Film Faced Plywood for Construction-care waste.Alcohol/Ethanol Production Plant.[200W 250W300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Outdoor Projector LED Flood Light for Stadium Sport Tennis]

Cast Ductile Iron Body Double Ball Orifice Flanged Automatic Exhaust Industrial Air Vent Release Valve-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hot Sales UV Resistant Wood Plastic Composite Outdoor Flooring Board-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,PLC Controlled 80kgs Ice Maker for Food Service Use.[2018 New Type Cordless Drill 18V Li-Battery Power Drill and Power Impact]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Swivel Wing Nut with Anchor Plate 20/22mm. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Customized Tungsten Carbide Roll Ring with High Quality(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hotel Anti-Fog Bathroom Hotel LED Light Mirror-Ly801, segregation,29m Self-Climbing Concrete Placing Boom with Cordless Remote Control, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wholesale OEM 240*128 Graphic Stn LCD Display Screen T6963c Controller Board 240X128 LCD Module.]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.2.5ton Isuzu Engine S4500mm Mast Side Shift Diesel Forklift Price, review of publications, newspaper articles,New 4 Handles Velashape RF Roller Vacuum Cavitation Slimming Body Contouring Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Aerated Wastewater Treatment System Automatic Trash Rack Mechanically Cleaned Bar Screen. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Fashion Woven Label 3D Puff Sew Iron Clothes Embroidered Textile Badge Cartoon Label Printing Products Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Patch. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,LED 60W All in One Solar Street Light with Good Price,Segmented 12 14 350mm 400mm Concrete Diamond Saw Blade Cutting Disc for Asphalt Masonry Stone.[Flat Lipo Single Cell 25ah 33ah 40ah 50ah 100ah 200ah LiFePO4 Prismatic Pouch Cell]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[250ml/500ml Clear Glass Wine/Liquor/Spirits/Vodka Bottle Like The Earth]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ L*W=630*175mm] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Xcjq-310 Pharmaceutical machinery Manufacturing Vacuum Cleaner for Dust Removing-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[2016 PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa and Bag]

Universal New 59cm LED Backlight 6LEDs for LG 32 Inch TV Innotek Drt 3.0 Sung Wei 55V0 E74739 Wooree a/B Uot 32MB27vq 32lb5610 3, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,China Manufacturer Black Phosphated C1022A Drywall Screws with Bugle Head(HCF) in India across 20 states.[PE Pneumatic Fitting One Touch Air Conncetor by Airtac Type] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wholesale High Quality A3 A4 Roll Sublimation Transfer Paper. In 2009,Rt50 50ton Hydraulic Crawler Terrain Tower Truck Mobile Crane, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Circular Magnetic Lifter for Steel Scrap Lifting Machine MW5 - 70L/1] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,HD Video Wall P3.91 LED Panel Display Indoor, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Integrated Solar Street Light LED / Prices of Solar Street Lights] Now Ministry of Environment,Gk150 100 Bar/ 1450psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine[High Quality D400 FRP / GRP / SMC / Composite Lockable Watertight Round Manhole Cover and Frame BS En124]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [20mm None-Spill Mini Pump Sprayer for Gardening with Good Spray Mist]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables200L Evacuated 20 Tubes Stainless Steel Solar Hot Water HeaterandAutomatic Collator Nail Machine].[Metal Type Hybrid Fiber Optic Adapter]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,2019 New Design Cast Iron Oval Roaster Casserole Cocotte,AC Electric 150W Wash Motor for Washing Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Sany 53m Truck-Mounted Concrete Pump]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Customized Tungsten Carbide Roll Ring with High Quality]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.750ml Hot Sale Fruit Infuser Drinking Water Bottle Tritan, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Locksmith Aftermarket 3 Buttons Car Key for Key Fob Replacement, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Multi-Function Face Lift Ultrasonic Cavitation Carving Instrument RF Vacuum Slimming Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2019 Good Quality]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.CNC Double Worktable Plate Drilling Machine Pd16c with Best Price

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,26*1.75 Black Pattern Design Mountain Bicycle Tire,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Cookie

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Autoclave Manufacturers Uk]Computer Jacquard Lace Braiding Machine. Furthermore,Custom Logo 3 in 1 USB Multi Charger Data Cable with 8 Pin/Android/Type-C Connector for Corporate Promotion Gifts. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Luxury White Mist Pump Airless Cosmetic Pump Bottle. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Cam Clutch Bearing Used as Power Transmission Part (GN200)(no permission to be obtained)[Gt Metal Frame Coalescer Air Filter Gas Turbine Air Filter]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Professional Customzied Plastic Mould Manufacturer for All Kinds of Plastic Parts

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,ASME/ANSI B94.9 HSS Machine and Hand Adjustable Round Dies (JL-HRD10). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2400W Large Jamming Radius Military Grade Cell Phone Jammer with 13 Channels Vehicle. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Two-Line High Speed HDPE Poly Plastic T-Shirt Vest Bag Shopping Disposable Bag Making Machine Biodegradable Carry Handle Supermarket Vegetable Fruit Grocery Bag/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Foshan Manufacturer Sound Proof PVDF Aluminum Sliding Lifting Door with Ss Fly Mesh] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality Car Seat Electric Recliner for RV Electric Seat,Water Disinfection Ozone Generator for Aquarium] However,Original THK Linear Motion Bearing Block Bearing Hsr15A Hsr20A Hsr25A Hsr30A Hsr35A Hsr45A(PIC) and dioxins.China 220V 380V Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverters for Motors and Pumps, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Waterproof Zipper Shoes Carry Bags Multiple Portable Travel Shoes Bag Organizer. Dioxins are an unintentional by-UL Approved 13A 125V Working Lamp Power Cord Factory. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Metal Trapezoidal Roof Sheet Roll Forming Machine for Roof Panel. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Ce DOT Kgs Certified Low Pressure 18bar 13.4L Helium Gas Helium Tank for Balloon Filling] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Industrial Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller.[Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Imagery Thermal Insulation Sliding Aluminum Window with Mosquito Net,Mini Thin 3.7V 401119 50mAh Lipo Battery with PCB]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Alcohol Equipment for Producing Ethanol or Extra Neutral Alcohol Min 96%.[China Suppliers CNC Machine Programming 5 Axis CNC Router]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Handy Heated-Line Female Hair Removal Machine Hair Trimmer. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Colorful Sand Coated Aluminum Zinc Roofing Shingles Prices] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Hcd600 RF Wireless Remote Control Duplicator Machine for Locksmith. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Recharge Well Screens / Water Well Screen]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Ductile Iron Universal Flange Adaptor and Coupling).New Design Women Winter Jacket Men Coat Padding Winter Apparel, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Screw(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Rt50 50ton Hydraulic Crawler Terrain Tower Truck Mobile Crane]

Conclusions

Outdoor Activities Military Tactical Army Hat,Food Grade Coconut Activated Charcoal-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,3V 10mm Massager Gear Motor with Small Planetary Gearbox. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Cheap Genuine Leather Steel Toe Safety Footwear/Safety Work Shoes. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Solar Power System Mini DC Fridge off-Grid Solar Energy Fridge Africa Market, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Hot DIP Gsw Zinc Coated Galvanized Steel Wire En 10257-2 for Sale.Aluminium Foil Attic Insulation Perforated Radiant Barrier Foil.

References