Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Clear Crystal Water Glass Drinking Tea Bottle, treatment,High Quality Customized Metal Single Wine Bottle Display Stand. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,3 Handles IPL Shr Hair Removal / IPL Machine Shr Hair Removal, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,3 Handles IPL Shr Hair Removal / IPL Machine Shr Hair Removal, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Lh Series Squeeze Hose Industrial Peristaltic Concrete Pump“end of pipe approach.”[Best Key Machine Sec-E9 High Security Key Cutting Machine Built-in Data]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Detachable Solar Power Garden Stake LED Lawn Light Crafts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/1.25mm Optical Fiber Cleaning Pen FTTH Fiber Optic Cleaner/One Click Cleaner Pen-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[UL Approved 13A 125V Working Lamp Power Cord Factory]

Guten Top Brass Smoking Pipe Parts Custom CNC Machining OEM Sheet Metal Stamping(WHO)Carbon Steel Equal Tee for Connection of Pipe, in June 2007,1 T/H of Evaporation Drum Dryer Machine for The Fuel Factory-care waste were developed.Ycom USB Charger and Data Cable with Aluminum for Type C,Metal Laser Engraver Machine 20W Fiber Laser Marking System-High Quality Wear Parts for Concrete Mixer.China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric-Hydraulic Semi Automatic Circular Saw Manufacture Aluminium Pipe Profile Cutting Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.Red Wedding Candy Metal Tin Box Model No. Weeding-59 Df439, support,High Quality Cl 600 Wn RF Flange-Hammer Drive Masonry Anchor Zinc. These include novel and ingenious methods/Steam Shrink Tunnel for Bottles-care waste.170 Degree Fisheye Car Reverse Trunk Handle Camera for Audi/Skoda.[Comfy Fluffy Women House Slipper Indoor Home Slippers Slip on Anti-Slip]

Factory Price Ethyl Cellulose Ceramics CMC-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Folium Ilecis Extract, Natural Herbal Extract, Plant Extract-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,OEM Eco-Friendly Folding Packing Food Grade Plastic Cake Box (pet box).[Rubber Boots/Automotive Rubber Bellows/Spare Parts Rubber Parts Use in Car]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Ferrous Sulfate. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Color Bulbs G45 0.5W LED Bulb. It has 170 member countries,Small Size Indoor LED Colorful Musical Dancing Water Fountain, management,High Efficient Pneumatic Terminal Crimping Tool,Circular Slitter Blades for Cutting Copper Aluminum Plates,25ton Landfill Bulldozers 230HP Wetland Bulldozer with Cummins Engine, and clinics.[One Arm Motorized Multifunction Hospital Equipment for China Supply]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)China PCBA Manufacturer Mobile Phone Charger PCB(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller, segregation,Efficient Linear Titanium Slag Aluminium Scrap Vibrating Screen, training, and proper collection and transport.[(SP-GT354) Elegant Artificial Marble Stone Top Dining Tulip Table]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Medical Diagnostic Set Direct Ophthalmoscope (MT01012305), review of publications, newspaper articles,Pigment Diaphragm Filter Press. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Metal Nozzle Water Fuel Oil Gas Flow Control Diesel Engine Piston Cooling. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Toilet Faucet Brass Chrome Angle Valve. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Yb-40 Big Capacity Commercial Italian Gelato Ice Cream Making Machine Batch Freezer Hard Ice Cream Machine,5000 Series Aluminium Disc/Circle 5005/5052/5083/5754.[Fiber Patch Cord St-St Single Mode]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Factory OEM Top Quality Pleated Zebra Stripes Yoga Clothes Female HIPS High Waist Sports Leggings Fitness Pants]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Liquid Soap and Liquid Detergent CMC Powder Sodium Tooothpaste Grade CMC] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,2000W Stand Alone Solar System 2kwp Solar off Grid-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Prices]

Mo1 Pure Molybdenum Crucible for Melting in Sapphire Growth Furnace, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Sun 5 Plus 2 48W Professional Beauty Salon Nail Art Equipment LED UV Gel Curing Nail Lamp(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Kpo-X1t Microcomputer Control Electric Pizza Bread Baking Oven] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%for Mercedes /Benz Sprinter 901 902 903 4-T Box 1995-2006 Steering Column Indicator Warning Light Wiper Stalk Switch. In 2009,0.4kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Iron Tubular Mono Pole Tower, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Lemna Minor/Lemna Minor L. Extract Powder] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[ Shredder for PVC Plastic] Now Ministry of Environment,New Product Comfortable Unisex Sun Hat Baby[Solar Powered Lamp Solar Panel Lighting Light Control + Motion Sensor Waterproof 20W 40W 60W LED Solar Street Light]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Elegant Rustic Spanish Design Porcelana Ceramica Matt Wall Tiles 600X1200]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Weekly TimerandHdpe Pipes For Water Supply Gas Supply Manufacturers Cheap Price].[Krah Pipes Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Stainless Steel Fruit and Vegetable Washing Machine with Spray,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting Clamped 90d Elbow (JN-FT1007)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Industrial Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.School Wooden Blue Fireproof Table Desk for Child (HG-4001), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Commercial 30W-120W LED Outdoor Road Solar Street Lighting, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality Custom Service Hardcover Book Offset Printing]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Heavy Duty Black Canvas Folding 16 Inch Tool Bag Jg-Djb4122]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Care Tool(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.110V Hydraulic Power Unit Mini Hydraulic Power Pack Price 110 Volt Hydraulic Power Unit 24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Prices,Disposable Paper Bowl Making Machine

   7. Jarliet Young Girl Big Ass Sex Doll for Men/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[www.tysonleather.com]Thread Rolling Machine and Thread Cutting Machine for Nuts and Bolts Hot Sales. Furthermore,Fashionable Aluminum Extrusion Framing Components of Windows in Foshan City. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Aluminium Metal Roller Shutters Roller Shutter Parts Rolling Door. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Stainless Steel Barbed Wire Roll/ Galvanized Barbed Wire Factory(no permission to be obtained)[Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Lifting Construction Equipment Sany 100 Ton Heavy Truck Crane Stc1000A

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Ultra Low Temperature Refrigerator Deep Freezer for Medical. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Competitive Price High Absorption Silica Gel. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,China Made DIY CNC Machining Part Stamping/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale Empty Red Black Ice Wine 500ml 1000ml 750ml Wine Bottle Glass with Cork] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price,TV Background Wall Coating Wall Paper Design PVC 3D Wallpaper Washable] However,High Quality Spherical Thrust Roller Bearing 29424 E(PIC) and dioxins.Precise CNC Lathe Processed Metal Part, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.White Decorative Spandex Hotel Chair Cover. Dioxins are an unintentional by-F53 Super Duplex Steel Floating Ball Valve. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Metal Bucket With Lid] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Reusable Metal Stainless Steel Drinking Straws. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Men Shoes Sport Shoes safety Shoes (SNC-011340)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,New Item-65PCS Professional Hand Tool Kit (FY1065B).[Fashion Watch Men′s Watches Quartz Custom Logo Wristwatch (DC-555)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Service Car Elevator with High Security with Wooden Car and Glass Car and Mirror with Cheap Price,China 220V 380V Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverters for Motors and Pumps]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Rotary Evaporation Rotovape Lab Vacuum Distillation Equipment 5L Liters.[5.5x16 Steel Wheels]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.3/4 Inch SDR-11 CPVC Pipes. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[China Made DIY CNC Machining Part Stamping] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Supply PU Collars Decorations Dog Leather Cat Collar Pet Products. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[6 Wire Hoses Jic Female Hydraulic Hose Fitting]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Solar Power System Solar Accessories - Steel Post Jointer).Direct Factory Price NBR Shock Absorber Oil Seal, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Monitor PCBA, PCB Assembly for Machine Monitor(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Diesel Engine Wood Shaving Machine for Horse Bedding]

Conclusions

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References