Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Dtp Un MSDS Certified 603443 3.7V 850mAh Lipo Battery Cell with Jst Connector, treatment,3.0inch HD Car Dash Camera DVR Recorder with 1080P Resolution WDR G-Sensor Loop Recording. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,15mm 18mm 21mm 22mm China Film Faced Shuttering Plywood, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,15mm 18mm 21mm 22mm China Film Faced Shuttering Plywood, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Cu/Mocu/Cu (CPC) Sandwich Composite Heat Sink of Electronic Packing Material“end of pipe approach.”[3D 24K Mini Displayport to HDMI Cable for MacBook]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[2.5ton Isuzu Engine S4500mm Mast Side Shift Diesel Forklift Price]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Cotton Microfiber Nylon Sports Socks with Arch Support Compression Socks-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Long Truck or Oil Tank Transport Chain Block 1t]

Heavy Duty Black Canvas Folding 16 Inch Tool Bag Jg-Djb4122(WHO)Nts118 Xns118 Common Rail Injector Test Bench, in June 2007,Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing-care waste were developed.Mountain Gear Ambush HD Camouflage Fishing Full Cover Ghillie Leafy 3D Face Mask,Dental YAG Laser Welding Machine for Gold Silver Metal Jewelry-200L Evacuated 20 Tubes Stainless Steel Solar Hot Water Heater.Fabulous Quality Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips-Car Parts Steering Tie Rod with Forging. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Desktop Electric Screw Tightening Machine Robot with Place Products Front and Pick out Rear Function From China.Canada Natural Pastoralism Building Decorative Tiles Mosaic Wood Materials, support,3D Epoxy Candy Color Powder Floor Coating Metallic Epoxy Pigments-ASTM A500-B Dn 25 Std Threaded and Coupled Hot Dipped Galvanized Welded Steel Pipe. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hot Sale Corrugated Cardboard Cake Box with Window-care waste.US Cummins 6BTA5.9-C178 industrial diesel truck engine motor in stock.[High Density MTP Connectors]

45 Ton Automatic Feeding Wood Log Splitter-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Single Stem Single Spiral Silicon Carbide Wire Tube Brushes-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Shade Net/Sunshade Net/Sun Shade Net/Shade Sail.[Exercise Bike Treadmill Home Gym Fitness Equipment Flywheel Spin Spinning Bike]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Recharge Well Screens / Water Well Screen. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Silver Welded PCD Grinding Cup Wheel for Concrete with 5/8-11 Connection(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Carbon Steel External Thread Joint Hose Fittings (IC-1073), segregation,Factory Direct Mix Colors Barrier Tape Warning Tape Supplier, training, and proper collection and transport.[Heavy Duty 22oz PVC Vinyl Flatbed Cargo Tarpaulin Roll]

FAW Heavy Tractor Truck China 420HP 375HP 371HP 290HP 6X4 10wheels Tractor Head Truck. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,E960 New Product Zinc Alloy Electronic Hotel Motel Door Lock.Customized Home Appliance Electrical Machine Wire Harness Motor Power Supply Cord-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[700ml Clear Wine Glass Bottle/ Container/Glassware/Jar]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Best Price Custom Embroidery Logo Hotel Slippers, review of publications, newspaper articles,Nylon Black Elastic Loop Fastener Tape with High Stretch Hook and Loop. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Metallurgical Metal Inspection, Test, Laboratory, Industrial Microscope. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,250kg~400kg Small Capacity Home Lift,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.[Customization Aluminium Round Bar Alloy with Round Tube High Quality]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[HD 65 Inch 1080P Free Standing LCD Advertising Totem Digital Signage]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Hollow/Gel/Empty/Hard/Plant/HPMC/Halal/Clear/Size/Vegetable Capsules] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Promotional School Lunch Bag Children′s Tote Cooler Bag-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Flow Meter Vertical Prepaid Large Caliber Woltmann Water Meters]

6000 Series Alloy Customized Black Anodized Black Aluminium Extruded Enclosure, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,OEM Auto Car Parts Plastic Rapid Prototype &Reaction Injection Molding for Car Parts(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hox Fix Rhinestone Clothing Transfer Valentine Transfer (HMV-02). In 2009,Good Quality Welding Electrode E6013 E7018 E6011 E6010, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Polypropylene Twisted Bundle Fiber] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Laser Cutting Fume Clean System / Smoke Evacuator for Laser, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching] Now Ministry of Environment,7W E27 B22 LED Corn Bulb with 50000 Hours Lifespan[Hot Sell Vertical Water Bottle Cap Making Machine Price]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Red Wedding Candy Metal Tin Box Model No. Weeding-59 Df439]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesThe Chinese Factory Directly Supply Low Price High Quality Washing Powder Laundry Detergent for OEM/ODM ServiceandPaper Cone Cups].[4FT Plywood Spindless Veneer Peeling Machine/Plywood Production Line]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Sheet Bending Machine,High Weather Fastness Metallic Thread for Outdoor Clothes/Shoes(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[100% Polyester Mesh 5*1 Normal Mesh Fabric]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Computer Jacquard Lace Braiding Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Quality Peptides Powder Hormone Ipamorelin Tb500 Peptides for Muscle Gain, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 20kw Low Temp Industrial Cw 5000 Water Oil Chiller for Induction Heating, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Kloak 3D Leafy Ghilly Hat Face Mask Camo Gun Hunter Face Gearkloak 3D]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Sheet Bending Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/500W Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine for Small Tubes(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Kpo-X1t Microcomputer Control Electric Pizza Bread Baking Oven

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Quality High Carbon Spring Steel Wire for Mattress Wholesale,Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil

   7. Laboratory Vacuum Emulsifying Mixer Cosmetic Cream Paste Homogenizer Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Pva Factory Suppliers for Sale]Hero Brand High Speed 3 Layer Blowing Film Machine for T-Shirt Bag. Furthermore,Lightech T10 5050 6SMD Silicone with Remote Controller 194 LED Bulb Wireless T10 RGB 16-Colors Change RGB. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Flow Waterjet Cutting 60K Intensifier Parts Check Valve Body 004383-3. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,110V-220V 3W Silver Plating Metal Christmas Tree Pendant LED String Light(no permission to be obtained)[10ml Wooden Cap Apple Type Diffuser Perfume Bottle Hanging Car Perfume Bottle Car Diffuser Bottle]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,OEM Service Customized 6061 6063 Aluminum Extrusion, Extruded Aluminum Profiles

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Cheap Plastic Outdoor Non-Slip Interlocking Free Flow Garage Floor Tiles 395*395*12. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Temperature Controller Ksd301 Thermostat with Ce/RoHS Certificate. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Promotional Custom Fashion Accessories Uss Sirocco Reday to Fight Metal Belt Buckle with Enamel (009)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hydraulic Crawler Mini Excavator] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Fiberglass or Polyester Laid Scrim for Automotive - Undershields Outer Wheelarch Liners,High Carbon Steel Sharp Nose Plier From Guangzhou Supplier] However,Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration(PIC) and dioxins.White Design Lamination PVC Wall Panel 25cm 8mm 7.5mm, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.201, 202 Stainless Steel Sheet. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Low Price High Quality Pet/PP Non Woven Short Fiber Geotextile. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Top 1 A Grade Yingli ISO Yge 12bb Mbb 72 Cell 330W Poly Solar Inverter for RV with Wooden Box Package in S. Africa] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,1.27mm Pitch IDC Wire to Board Connector LCP Material Black. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot Sale New Product Wholesale Disposable Vaporizer E Cigarette Nic Salt Pod Device] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,6000 Series Anodizing Extrusion Aluminum Tube.[High Manganese Mantle Cone Crusher Parts for Terex RC60 Cone Crusher] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Ce Horizontal Flow Wrapping Machine for Bread Chocolate,200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Butt Welding Angle Ammonia Stop and Check Valve for Refrigeration.[Dull Gold Zinc Alloy Custom Metal Zipper Pull for Handbags]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Wine Bottle Cooler Chiller Single Beer Cooler. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Precision Customized Sheet Metal Cabinet for Self-Service Kiosk. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Automatic PVC Bottle Cap Making Machine with Aluminum Foil Stamp (DC-BD)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Multilayer PCB Design and Manufacturing).Reusable Straw Telescopic Stainless Steel Straw with Case Keychain, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Multi-Functional Common Rail Injector and Pump Tester(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Diamond Aluminium Embossed Coil for Nigeria Market]

Conclusions

Automatic Storage and Retrieval Pallet Racking System (ASRS),FRP Tank for Chemical Transportation-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,CNC Polishing/Drilling/Milling/Chamfering/Cuttting/Grinding/Carving/Engraving Machine for Wood Window Door. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.High Quality Bearing Oil for Bont Sfk Chrome Hybrid Ceramic Bearings. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Outdoor Playground Amusement Equipment (QL--053), patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Hot DIP Galvanized Industrial Steel Grating for Floor Walkway.0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration.

References