Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Dzy3a/B Power Cord Bending/Rocking Tester, treatment,Hospital Building Aluminum Honeycomb Panel Fire Rated for Door Filler. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,12V Car Oscillating Fan with Clip 90 Degree Rotation, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,12V Car Oscillating Fan with Clip 90 Degree Rotation, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Ce Certificate Forging Machine for Rebar Couplers“end of pipe approach.”[5 Axis High Pressure Waterjet Glass Cutting Machine Best Price]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[CNC Polishing/Drilling/Milling/Chamfering/Cuttting/Grinding/Carving/Engraving Machine for Wood Window Door]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hot Selling Switchable Pdlc Film for Sickroom-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Tejas Roofing Material Flexible Plastic Sheet Low Price PVC Sheet for Roof]

3.6mm 4.5mm 9mm 12mm 18mm Furniture Grade Melamine Plywood(WHO)Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panel, in June 2007,Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 Rhd Prime Mover (ZZ4257N3241W)-care waste were developed.Women Wallets Ladies Clutch Female Fashion Leather Bags Card Holders Cash Wallet,Global USB Portable 395 Lum Complete DC Solar Power Home Light System Kit for Camping for Home Lighting-Diamond Aluminium Embossed Coil for Nigeria Market.Ultra-Fine Flat-Headed Spring-Compact Ozone Generator for Home. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Indoor Bedroom Metal Retro Lamp Desk Light.Personalized Jewelry Hang Tags (BY80243), support,Molded Rubber Diaphragms for Bellows Diaphragm-China Made Popular Products Designs UV Coated PVC Marble Sheet for Decoration. These include novel and ingenious methods/Modern Luxury Gold Design Skeleton Dining Chair-care waste.Large Capacity High Frequency Vibrating Screen for Mining/Sand/Stone.[1200lbs Magnetic Lock With Time Delay]

Folding Play Mat Crawl Play Mat-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Heavy Duty Manual Steel Winch with ABS-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Best Sale Disposable Bed Felt Mattress Protector.[Custom Brand Unrefined Raw Hemp Cigarette Rolling Paper]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Highly Flexible Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Screened Kvv/Kvvp Rated Voltage 450/750V PVC Insulated Electrical Assembly Control Power Cable. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)RFID Card, PVC ID Card, Business IC Card ID Card(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Super Soft Bed Cheap Throw in Bulk Flannel Fleece Blanket Queen Twin Size Blankets, segregation,Ce Horizontal Flow Wrapping Machine for Bread Chocolate, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.3mx1.5m Fixed Front Service Pole/Wall Mounted Outdoor LED Display Advertising Display Signs, review of publications, newspaper articles,Aluminum Profile Aluminum Parts Aluminum Tube. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,0.3mm White PVC Inkjet Printing Plastic Sheet for ID Cards. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Precision Graphite Guide Bushings for Plastic Mold Parts Stripper Guide Bushing& Ball Retainer. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Wholesale Night Vision Car Rear View Camera.[Samples Available]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[1060 Aluminum Coil/Sheet with Thickness 0.10-0.3mm]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Kids Waterproof Cow Leather Wool Felt Warm Fur Boots for Winter] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,5.1 Home Theater Multimedia Bluetooth Speaker Surround Sound HiFi Speaker with Changeable LED Lights-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[0.13-2.0mm Aluminum Prepainted Color Coated Galvanized for Steel Coil]

Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Medical Surgical Hospital Face Mask with Earloops, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Melt Pressure Transducer (PT133)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Long Truck or Oil Tank Transport Chain Block 1t. In 2009,PA/EVOH/PP High Barrier Stretch Plastic Film for Food Packing, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Fiber Marking Machine/Fiber Laser Marking System] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hot Dipped Galvanized Razor Wire Bto-22, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[45 Ton Automatic Feeding Wood Log Splitter] Now Ministry of Environment,Light Weight Camping Hammock with Bug Net[High Pressure Alloy Die Casting Company Video Hardware Accessories]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [HD Video Wall P3.91 LED Panel Display Indoor]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChina Made Popular Products Designs UV Coated PVC Marble Sheet for DecorationandNatural Fungicide].[X Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,3.0MP Outdoor 360 Degree Vr Wireless Camera Panoramic Lens Security CCTV Camera Waterproof Fisheye IP Camera,Home Water Purifier Ozone Generator 500 Grams Vegetable Washing Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Wevi Large Clear Glass Straight Sided Jar with Lid]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Metal Laser Engraver Machine 20W Fiber Laser Marking System]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PP/PS/PE Plastic Sheet Extrusion Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Custom Print HDPE/LDPE Plastic T-Shirt Shopping Vest Bags with Gusset, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Outdoor Carnival Christmas Party Event Marquee Tent]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Antique Green/Amber Bordeaux Glass Red Wine Bottle]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/300mm Waterproof PVC Bathroom Wall Covering Panels in(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Handwheel Ductile Iron Wafer Knife Gate Valve

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Plain Chipboard Manufacturers with Stable Quality,Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Xwd5 Cycloidal Reducer Planetary Gearbox with Motor]FRP Rectangular Tube 20mm to 110mm Dimensions and Customer Demand Surface Treatment Flexible Rectangular Plastic Tube. Furthermore,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,H-74 Construction Hardware Hand Tools Plastic Coated Handle A601 Axe. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Warm Polyester Quilt in White Color (DPF201519)(no permission to be obtained)[Aluminium Foil Attic Insulation Perforated Radiant Barrier Foil]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Creative Cartoon Superman Captain America Spiderman Batman Doll Air Outlet Perfume Clip Car Interior Decorations. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Dust Removal Sticky Roller Adhesive Roller for Cleanroom. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,LED Linear Lamp Waterproof Dustproof IP65 60W LED Tri-Proof Light/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Clevis Slip Hook Self Colored Painted or Zinc Plated] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[CNC Machining Parts Anodized Aluminum Frame for Solar Panel Aluminum 6063 Mechanical Processed Parts,Blt Running Style Casual Shoe for Men] However,Pet Engineering Grade Security Film Reflective Sheet Prism Reflector Material(PIC) and dioxins.LED SMT Reflow Oven, Wave Soldering Machine Puhui T962A+, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Wholesale Luxury Sofa Corner Table Metal White Glass Coffee Table. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Nice Rhinestone Transfer Label Clothing Rhinestone Iron on Label. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cement Thickening Time Supplier Best-Selling] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Ce DOT Kgs Certified Low Pressure 18bar 13.4L Helium Gas Helium Tank for Balloon Filling. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[SD-220/250 Manual Non Vacuum Automatic Clay Brick Making Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,First Generation Zva Automatic Fuel Nozzle for Fuel Dispenser (ZVA DN 19).[201] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[LC mm Om3 Duplex Optical Fiber Jumper Fiber Optic Patch Cords,Hollow Jazz Bb King Crown Electric Guitar in Black (JH-11)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Motor Mounting Plate Laser Cutting Punched Parts.[Starch Separation Centrifuge]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Hongyan Genlyon 6X4 15m3 Water Tanker Truck 290HP Cq1254HMG384. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Insecticidal Lamp with Solar Energy Frequent Vibration] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,One Piece Steel Small Garden Hand Spade. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[BOPP Laminated Material Polypropylene Plastic Rice Bag 5kg 10kg 50kg]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Rubber Boots/Automotive Rubber Bellows/Spare Parts Rubber Parts Use in Car).Steel Wire Braided High Pressure Rubber Hose with Fitting, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,5ml 6ml 8ml 10ml PP Perfume Pen Bottle/Mini Refillable Travel Use Pocket Size Sprayer Bottle(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Nn/Ep/Rubber Conveyor Belt for Mine /Coal/Sand/Stone]

Conclusions

Taptite Screw St Type Screw Dies,Genuine Belt Tensioner 4936440 for Cummins Diesel Engines-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Custom Printed Paper Bags No Minimum Shopping Paper Bags. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Commercial Inflatable Obstacle Course, Interactive Inflatables, Inflatable Sports Games. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Manufacturers Sports Drawstring Package Leisure Backpack Outdoor Shoes Bag, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-CNC Machined Component Precision CNC Machined Kit.Custom Acrylic Black Hand Carved Coffee Table (BTR-Q1013).

References