Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Copper Free Bathroom Mirror, LED Illuminated, Frameless (BRM60120VL), treatment,Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring with Black Helix. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Ss Wafer Type H74 Check Valve, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Ss Wafer Type H74 Check Valve, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,409 Stainless Steel Pipe for Car Truck Exhaust“end of pipe approach.”[AAA+ Premium Quality Original Mobile Phone LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer for iPhone 5/5s/5c/Se/6/6s/6p/6sp/7/8/7p/8p/X Assembly Replacement Repair]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Eta New SMT Pick and Place Machine Nozzle Cleaning Machine Eta-24/36]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[1001e G Spot Dildo Silicone Self-Heating Vibrator for Women Dual Vibration Waterproof Female Vagina Clitoris Massager Sex Toy]

China Manufacturer Custom Metal Embossed 3D Antique Gold Plating Falcon Eagle Badge with Velvet Box(WHO)Customized Resin Snow Globe with Music for Christmas Deco, in June 2007,19 32 40 50 Inch Ultra Smart Full 1080P HD Color LCD LED TV-care waste were developed.Promotional Multi-Function CO2 CNC Control Table Laser Cutter Engraving Supplier,Cooling Tower Pipe/Heat Exchanger Tube/TP304L-Custom ABS 3D Printing Parts SLA SLS Plastic Industrial 3D Printing Parts Prototype Service.Kclka EVA Plastic Sandals Slipper Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine-Fashion Design Plating Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Colors Airless Bottle. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles for Home Interior Wall Decoration Design.High Quality America Power Cord with UL Certification, support,Small Bar Fridge with Glass Door for Beverage and Beer-Aluminum Profile LED Strip Channel. These include novel and ingenious methods/Ad64150 Type Heavy Duty Industrial Shock Absorbers for Printing Machine or Equipment-care waste.Q195 1.5 Inch Fencing Mild Carbon Round Welded Galvanized Steel Pipe Tube Manufacturer for Greenhouse.[Outdoor Iron Swing]

Amazon Hot Saling Silicone Sex Dolls AV Wand Vibrator Sextoys Women-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Food Grade Silicon Rubber Strips for Food Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,FDA Pharmaceutical PVC Film PVC Transparent Sheet for Packing.[Ea10-Short Throw Smart Interactive Whiteboard]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Table Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machine Cut Auto Parts. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Hot Sale Coral Fleece Hotel Bathrobe (DPFT8070). It has 170 member countries,Large Capacity Complete Stone Mobile Crusher Plant, management,ISO Programmable High Low Temperature Environmental Test Chamber,Women Fashion Round Neck Long Sleeve Customized Clothes (19-336),Auto Industries CNC Machining Parts, Custom Medical Device CNC Machining Service, Home Entertainment Accessories CNC Machining, and clinics.[FDA Certificated Food Grade Melamine Kids Soup Bowl with Lid]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Adjustable Folding Infant Feeding Baby Highchair(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Z3506 Wholesale Printed Electric Toothbrush Packing Corrugated Box, segregation,High Quality 10 Inch Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Schedule 40, training, and proper collection and transport.[Seat Turning Parts/Machining Parts Customized Processing]

Stainless Steel 310S ASTM A312 Seamless Pipe. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,13.56MHz Bright Gold Digital Cylider Door Lock.Salt Spray Corrosion Testing Machine/Salt Spray Test Chamber-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[0.76mm Blue on Clear Automotive Windshield PVB Film]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.12V DC Compressor Solar Power Mini Refrigerator Freezer Fridge, review of publications, newspaper articles,Wholesale RGBW 25PCS 15W 4in1 LED Wash Matrix Moving Head. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Kitchen Storage Rack with Shelves Plastic Injection Mold Manufacturer. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Double Color Injection Mould Mold Molding and Design Electronic Air Cleaner Products,M2.5 M3 M4.5 Galvanized Self Drilling Screw.[Factory Sales Directly PVC Leather for Car Seat Cover]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Modern Popular Building Materials PU Foam Sandwich Panels Polyurethane Wall Panel] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Plastic PP Foundation Flip Cap Square Air Cushion Cosmetic Packaging-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Blue Color Custom Hoodies Embroidered 100% Cotton Blank Private Label Hoodies]

Special Square Nut According to Your Drawing, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Women′s Gym Clothing Sexy Women′s Bottom Compression Tights Yoga Leggings(HCF) in India across 20 states.[22kw Electric Vehicle Charger Station Charging Point with Type2 Cable] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Impregnate Wood Products Equipment with Chemically Preservatives. In 2009,CNC Double Blade PU Foam Cutting Machine, Polyurethane Cutting Machine, 3D Foam Sponge Shapes Cutting Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[High Precision Bronze Custom Micro Stamping Parts] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,PMMA Reflector Plastic Road Studs Raised Pavement Marker, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Processing Gray Cast Iron Brake Disc CBN Blade] Now Ministry of Environment,Disc Insulation Type Suspension Porcelain Insulator[Factory Wholesale Pet Laser Printing Sheet for Credit Card]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Handy Heated-Line Female Hair Removal Machine Hair Trimmer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChina PCBA Manufacturer Mobile Phone Charger PCBandCarburetor Spray Cleaner Carb Cleaning Spray Motorcycle Carburetor Cleaner].[Factory Price Wood Floor Sanding Machine Belt Sander Machine for Sale]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Automtic Drying Machine for High Moisture Wood Sawdust,Melt Pressure Transducer (PT133)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Q195 Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Tube Galvanized Metal EMT Pipe]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Aquarium Water Treatment Ozone Generator with High Quality]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Men′s Smart Watch Bluetooth Touch Andrews Ios Wearable Sports Heart Rate Fashion Watch, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Split Frame Electric Pipe Cold Cutting and Beveling Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Warm Polyester Quilt in White Color (DPF201519)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[E2000/APC Fibre Optic Leads and Cables]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Optical Achromat Lens, Laser Achromat Lens(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Silvery Double Sides Reflective Stretch Fabric, High Visibility Reflective Fabric Tape, Reflex Materials

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Delixi Vs1 24kv Indoor High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker,Long Range UHF RFID Smart Labels for Industrial Logistics

   7. Ultra Low Pressure Water Filter RO Membrane 1000gpd of Industrial Reverse Osmosis Commercial RO Treatment System Energy Saving Extreme Low Pressure Require 4021/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Chocolate Decorating Machine Factory OEM/ODM Products]Best Seller BPA Free Large Water Bottle with Dust Cap 2.2L Large Capacity Sports Plastic Water Bottle. Furthermore,Manifold Solenoid Valve for Acid Fluid. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Eco Friendly Straight Bent Reusable Stainless Steel Drinking Straws. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Shenghua Sublimation Printing Best Sell T-Shirt Heat Press Machine(no permission to be obtained)[Custom China Automatic Metal/Plastic/Aluminum Turning Parts Accessories]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Makute 52cc Gas Saw Air Powered Chain Saw (GC001)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Membrane Switch CNC System Equipment Membrane Keyboard Panel with ISO14001. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,20W Electronic Insect UV Killer Mosquito Outdoor Lamps Bug Zapper Supplier. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Manufacturer for Sunifiram at Factory Price and Quick Delivery/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[RCA Plug to RCA Jack] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[LED Digital Temperature Controller Stc-1000 12V 24V 220V Thermoregulator,Wholesale Titanium Jewelry Body Jewelry Piercing IP Gold Titanium Wedding Rings Tr2001] However,Flow Meter Vertical Prepaid Large Caliber Woltmann Water Meters(PIC) and dioxins.Professional Backpack Petrol Brush Cutter with Shoulder (CG430H), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.HDPE Large Diameter Hollowness Wall Winding Pipe Production Line. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Venlo Type Solar Green House with PC Sheet. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Video] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Graphite Electrode. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[15W Poly and Mono Solar Panel Factory] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Dzy3a/B Power Cord Bending/Rocking Tester.[500W Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine for Small Tubes] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[DIN763 Standard Galvanized Anchor Welded Long Link Chain,Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Hospital Building Aluminum Honeycomb Panel Fire Rated for Door Filler.[Raspberry Touch Display]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.12V Car Oscillating Fan with Clip 90 Degree Rotation. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[2V500ah Solar Battery Bank with The Latest Technology] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Ce Certificate Forging Machine for Rebar Couplers. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Sport Style Wearable Fabric Hiking Outdoor Safety Trekking Shoes]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Hot Selling Switchable Pdlc Film for Sickroom).3.6mm 4.5mm 9mm 12mm 18mm Furniture Grade Melamine Plywood, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panel(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hot Sale Coral Fleece Hotel Bathrobe (DPFT8070)]

Conclusions

Heavy Duty Manual Steel Winch with ABS,Best Sale Disposable Bed Felt Mattress Protector-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Highly Flexible Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Screened Kvv/Kvvp Rated Voltage 450/750V PVC Insulated Electrical Assembly Control Power Cable. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Match with Cabinet Us Size Vanity Acrylic Bathroom Sinks. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Electrionic 3 Way Distribution Bypass Water Screw Threaded Valve, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-LED Bulb SMD C37 3W 4W 5W 6W Candle Lamp Light LED Bulb.Incombustible Flameproof White Board White Board Sizes.

References