Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Komatsu Hpv95/Hpv132 Excavator Hydraulic Pump Spare Parts Direct From Factory, treatment,Animatronic Dinosaur Exporter Life Size Dinosaur Model. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Color Coated Galvanized Steel Coil with 20 Years Experience, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Color Coated Galvanized Steel Coil with 20 Years Experience, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle“end of pipe approach.”[Kitchen Storage Rack with Shelves Plastic Injection Mold Manufacturer]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Steam Shrink Tunnel for Bottles]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Manganese Mantle Cone Crusher Parts for Terex RC60 Cone Crusher-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Ozone Generator for Cowboy Cloth/Jeans Bleaching and Whitening]

High Density Insulation XPS Foam Board for Building Industry(WHO)Metal Detector, Conveyor Metal Detectors Machine, Jl-IMD3010 for Food Product, in June 2007,Portable Heat Resistant Customized Colorful Silicone Cigarette Ashtray with Stainless Steel Cigarette Holder-care waste were developed.13oz 370ml Best Quality Container Chrome Food Packaging Soft-Touch Plastic Bottle,Traffic Road Marker Traffic Pavement Reflector Plastic Road Stud-China Supplier Ha Dermal Filler Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Deep.Kids 2019 Salute to Service Falcons Chargers Colts Long-Sleeve T-Shirts-Eye Bolts M30 DIN580 Anchor Lifting Rigging. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Acrylic Trophy Plexiglass Awards Plexiglass Medal Acrylic Medal Acrylic Awards Wholesale Acrylic Engraved Acrylic Plaques.Cheap Advertising Custom Sublimation Hat Blanks Kids Cotton Baseball Mesh Cap Hat for Sublimation Printing, support,FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan-Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Diamond Jewellery Vine Shape Engagement Ring. These include novel and ingenious methods/Custom Brand Unrefined Raw Hemp Cigarette Rolling Paper-care waste.Pond Self Priming Booster suction  Water Pump with Pressure Sensor.[125V16A Snap Action Automatic Reset Ceramic Ksd301 Thermostat with Ce]

Chubont Padded Laptop Bag Double Shoulder Backpack with Earphone Cable-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Aramid Needle Felt Nomex Filter Bags Dust Collector Filters-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,20-110mm PPR/PE/PP Drinking Water Supply Pipe Making Machinery Manufacturing Line.[3D 24K Mini Displayport to HDMI Cable for MacBook]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Hans Manufacturers in China Mini Knitting Needles Bamboo. It has 170 member countries,330ml/500ml/640ml Blue Color Glass Beer Bottles with Printing, management,Krah Pipes Machine,Sany Brand New 38m Truck Mounted Concrete Pump,Home Emergency Power Supply Portable Solar Power Generator 300W AC Output, and clinics.[2.5ton Isuzu Engine S4500mm Mast Side Shift Diesel Forklift Price]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Precision Plastic Bluetooth Earphone Accessories Automotive Parts by Injection Molding(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Chinese Agriculture Rice Combine Harvester 4lz-5.0z, segregation,Air Cooled Water Chiller for Wine Stick, training, and proper collection and transport.[Long Truck or Oil Tank Transport Chain Block 1t]

Aquarium Ocean Park Water Treatment Ozone Generator. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Rotary Evaporation Unit Vacuum Distillation Equipment.Sany 53m Truck-Mounted Concrete Pump-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Exercise Bike Treadmill Home Gym Fitness Equipment Flywheel Spin Spinning Bike]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.TV Coaxial Connector PAL Male - Female Plug, review of publications, newspaper articles,Rubber Floor Tile Curing Press. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Ceiling Housing Factoty Proce COB LED Adjustable Anti Glare Bulb Lamp 6W/10W LED Downlight LED Ceilinglight LED Spot Light LED Light LED Down Light. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Laijuda Ljdd630 Red Color Welding Machine,Polypropylene Fiber Mesh Form for Concrete.[Polyresin Carousel Music Box]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Cu/Mocu/Cu (CPC) Sandwich Composite Heat Sink of Electronic Packing Material]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Heavy Duty 22oz PVC Vinyl Flatbed Cargo Tarpaulin Roll] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[700ml Clear Wine Glass Bottle/ Container/Glassware/Jar]

Car Parking or Access Control 2.4 GHz Active RFID Card, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Wholesale RFID Blocking Clutch Flower Leather Zipper Pocket Wallet with Card Holder Organizer(HCF) in India across 20 states.[HD 65 Inch 1080P Free Standing LCD Advertising Totem Digital Signage] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Custom China Automatic Metal/Plastic/Aluminum Turning Parts Accessories. In 2009,Solar Home System 4000W Best Hybrid Solar Inverter System, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Queen′s Jewelry Fashion 316L Stainless Steel Silver Crown Pendant Necklace] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2V500ah Solar Battery Bank with The Latest Technology, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hollow/Gel/Empty/Hard/Plant/HPMC/Halal/Clear/Size/Vegetable Capsules] Now Ministry of Environment,2-30mm 4*8FT Acrylic Sheet Cut to Size[Flow Meter Vertical Prepaid Large Caliber Woltmann Water Meters]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for TeachingandSki Turf].[Hot Sell Vertical Water Bottle Cap Making Machine Price]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,1/4 3/16 5/32 1/8 Bicycle Carbon Steel Ball Chrome Steel Ball Stainless Steel Ball Roller Conveyors, Castors, Locks, Bearing Units,Hand Made Custom Soccer Football Logo Cap Emblem Embroidery Patch Badge at Low Price(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Desktop Electric Screw Tightening Machine Robot with Place Products Front and Pick out Rear Function From China]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.24V Lithium Truck Start Battery 60ah, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Stainless Steel Steel 316 with Good Antibacterial Properties, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Ductile Iron Universal Flange Adaptor and Coupling]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[100% Polyester Mesh 5*1 Normal Mesh Fabric]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Building Material Hot Dipped Galvanized Corrugated Roofing Sheet(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.(SP-GT354) Elegant Artificial Marble Stone Top Dining Tulip Table

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Free Samples Cheap Custom Festival RFID Woven Fabric Wristband,10ml Clear Glass Apple Shape Car Hanging Perfume Bottle Diffuser Bottle with Wooden Cap

   7. New Running Shoes, Skateboard Shoes, Outdoor Shoes, Men′s Shoes/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Carry Pe Plastic Packaging Bag]Snow Fat Tire Full Suspension Electric Bike with Lithium Battery. Furthermore,Elegant Rustic Spanish Design Porcelana Ceramica Matt Wall Tiles 600X1200. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Misumi Non-Standard Components Hardware Mold Parts Quality SKD11 Oval Punch. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10(no permission to be obtained)[Computer Jacquard Lace Braiding Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Made 5%Nicotine Salt Disposable Vape Pen Pod Device E Cigarette

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Large Diameter Sizes Square Steel Pipe Rectangular Pipe. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Multi-Function Face Lift Ultrasonic Cavitation Carving Instrument RF Vacuum Slimming Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Kloak 3D Leafy Ghilly Hat Face Mask Camo Gun Hunter Face Gearkloak 3D] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Sheet Bending Machine,10ml Wooden Cap Apple Type Diffuser Perfume Bottle Hanging Car Perfume Bottle Car Diffuser Bottle] However,Cheap Stylish Safety Shoes for Construction Workers(PIC) and dioxins.Double-Sided Clear Lids 16 Compartments 100% Waterproof Fly Fishing Terminal Fishing Tackle Fly Box 09A-H029, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Automatic Drum Sandblast Machine for Batch Processing of Small Parts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-1001e G Spot Dildo Silicone Self-Heating Vibrator for Women Dual Vibration Waterproof Female Vagina Clitoris Massager Sex Toy. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Family of Childhood Kids Plastic Playground Slide Swing] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Cuticle Aligned Raw Indian Human Hair Unprocessed Virgin Hair. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hydraulic Crawler Mini Excavator] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,4X2 Factory Price Widely Used Dongfeng 10000 Liters 190HP Vacuum Sewage Suction Tank Truck Fecal Suction Tanker Truck.[Fiberglass or Polyester Laid Scrim for Automotive - Undershields Outer Wheelarch Liners] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Carbon Steel Sharp Nose Plier From Guangzhou Supplier,Hot Sale New Product Wholesale Disposable Vaporizer E Cigarette Nic Salt Pod Device]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Quality Scalp Vein Set.[Plasma Cutting Fume Extractor]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Home Sauce Glass Candy Bottles Oil 205 Ml Jam Jar. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Manganese Mantle Cone Crusher Parts for Terex RC60 Cone Crusher] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,6 Colors Flexo Printing Machine for Label. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Ce Horizontal Flow Wrapping Machine for Bread Chocolate]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (4X2 6t 8t Wrecker Truck Rotator Tow Truck for Sale).Colorful Cloth Sleeve Sports Glass Water Bottle with Metal Lid, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Peppermint Taste Activated Charcoal Coconut Oil Mouthwash for Oil Pulling(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller]

Conclusions

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References