Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Industry Grade Caustic Soda, Soda Ash Light, Dense Soda Ash, Soda Ash, treatment,Hydraulic CNC Press Brake Bending Machine 35 Tons 1200mm for Sheet Metal Plate Metal Steel Aluminium Stainless Steel Metal Processing Metal Bending Amada Tech. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,OEM Reusable Durable 600d Polyester Daily Tote Shopping Bag, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,OEM Reusable Durable 600d Polyester Daily Tote Shopping Bag, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Pink Ribbon Breast Cancer Awareness Lapel Pin“end of pipe approach.”[Hotel Anti-Fog Bathroom Hotel LED Light Mirror-Ly801]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Hand Made Custom Soccer Football Logo Cap Emblem Embroidery Patch Badge at Low Price]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Custom Private Label Lip Gloss Long Lasting Waterproof Non-Stick Cup Matte Lip Gloss-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[DC Stand Fan Motor PCBA Card 24V]

High Precision Custom Injection Mould Making/Plastic Product Manufacturer and Mould Design(WHO)Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube, in June 2007,Infinity Long Working Distance Objective Metallurgical Industrial Objective Lens,-care waste were developed.Home Decoration Perfume Natural Reed Aroma Diffuser with Rattan Sticks,Dual Fast Charging Ports with Type-C and Pd Charger-Men′s Classic Compression Workout Short Leggings.Disposable Safety Sterile Twist Type Blood Lancet for Blood Collection-6.35mm Mono Jack Close Circuit Audio Phone Jack. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-AAA+ Premium Quality Original Mobile Phone LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer for iPhone 5/5s/5c/Se/6/6s/6p/6sp/7/8/7p/8p/X Assembly Replacement Repair.China Wc67K 125t 3200 Hydraulic Door Frame Bending Machine with Stainless Steel, support,Portable Solar Powered LED Lamp Camping Lantern-Make up Products Cosmetic Sponge for Face. These include novel and ingenious methods/Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag-care waste.100% Virgin Raw Material Best Glass Acrylic Aquarium Manufacturers for Swimming Pool.[High Speed PVC Extrusion for Insulation Electrical Wire House Wire]

Prefabricated Pre Engineered Metal Structural Steel Frame Structure Construction Prefab Warehouse Workshop Factory Storage Building Zy201892917-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Wholesale Men Women Unisex Custom Logo Black/White/Grey/Yellow/Blue/Red Solid Plain Blank Pullover Hoodie-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,5mm-19mm Clear Bent Tempered Glass/Toughened Glass/ Armored Glass/ Reinforced Glass/ Stalinite/ Curved Glass/ Curving Glass Used for Building.[Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Cookie]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Quality Industrial Tunnel Microwave Dryer Oven. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Cervical Thoracic Orthosis Head Neck Chest Support Brace for Post-Operative. It has 170 member countries,Furniture Manufacturing Use Synthetic Thick Sipi PVC Leather, management,X Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA),Strong Cleaning Bow-Tie Scourer Pad Shape Abrasive Green Scouring Pad,Hot Dipped Dx51d Zero Spangle Steel Strip Galvanized Steel Strapping, and clinics.[Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Quality Concrete Spreader Machine Manual Electric Placing Boom Tube(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Powder Coating Polyester Resin with Factory Price, segregation,Alloy Steel Big Sizes Triplex Roller Chain, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hot Sales High Purity Nitrous Oxide Gas / Laughing Gas]

High Pressure Alloy Die Casting Company Video Hardware Accessories. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Sanding Powder Moulding.European Style Solid Wood Kitchen Furniture-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Snow Fat Tire Full Suspension Electric Bike with Lithium Battery]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.250t Adjustable Welding Turning-Roll, review of publications, newspaper articles,Water Disinfection Ozone Generator for Aquarium. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Over 800 Partner Factories Good Price Crystal Glass Bead. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.100% Polyester Mesh 5*1 Normal Mesh Fabric. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,2308 15mm Width Recessed Slim Box Extrusion Aluminum Flex LED Strip Housing Channel,0.13-2.0mm Aluminum Prepainted Color Coated Galvanized for Steel Coil.[Best Quality 12V 160ah 180ah 200ah 240ah Lithium Battery Byd Catl Tesla]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Solar Home System 4000W Best Hybrid Solar Inverter System]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Dental YAG Laser Welding Machine for Gold Silver Metal Jewelry] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Factory Glossy Crystal Smoke Gray Stone Glass Strip Mosaic Tile-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Modern New Design Red Back Massage Table Pedicure Chair]

Automatic PVC Bottle Cap Making Machine with Aluminum Foil Stamp (DC-BD), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Vacorda Differential Pressure Fuel Flow Meter Orifice Plate Liquid Gas Flowmeter(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Metal Shell and Acrylic Neon Sign for Window] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Foshan Wholesale Restaurant Booths Sofa Tufted Leather Booth Seating (HD2023). In 2009,Hot Sale Heavy Duty Durable Steel Retainer HDPE Plastic Safety Pedestrian Trench Cover, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Door Window Car Glass Cleaner] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,12V DC Car Refrigerator Accessories for Truck, Caravans and Camper, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Damage Recovery Pharmaceutical Peptides Chemical Medicine Tb-500] Now Ministry of Environment,Top Selling Good Price 1800 Prestige Collection Brushed Microfiber Bedding Bedsheet Set[OEM Eco-Friendly Folding Packing Food Grade Plastic Cake Box (pet box)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Mini Dual-Use Portable Infrared Rifle Scope Hunting Night Vision Monocular Thermal Imaging Sight Camera with Multipleadapter Rings]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLED Bulb SMD C37 3W 4W 5W 6W Candle Lamp Light LED BulbandCereal Bar Machine Suppliers for Sale].[TV Coaxial Connector PAL Male - Female Plug]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Reusable Vacuum Silicone Food Bag Sealer 50oz Storage Bags Fresh,Fashion Watch Men′s Watches Quartz Custom Logo Wristwatch (DC-555)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Small Size Indoor LED Colorful Musical Dancing Water Fountain]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Custom Precision Carbon Steel Forged Steel for China Foundries]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Lowest Price PPGI Roofing Sheet in China, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Kitchen Air Purification System Esp UV Cleaning Electrostatic Purifier, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Laboratory Vacuum Emulsifying Mixer Cosmetic Cream Paste Homogenizer Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Medical Packing Self Sealing Sterilization Pouch(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Half Metal High Quality Sunglasses Men Women Brand Designer Glasses Mirror Sun Glasses Fashion Gafas Oculos De Sol UV400 Classic

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 32 40 Way Automobile Toyota Wire Pin Radio Female Car Connector

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,CNC Machined Turning Metal Auto Spare Automatic Central Machinery Forging Machining Machine Turned Lathe Part,En837-1 Yn-100 Marine Oil Filled Marine Industrial Pressure Gauge

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Automatic Professional Hermetic Stainless Steel Hospital Doors]Antique Green/Amber Bordeaux Glass Red Wine Bottle. Furthermore,Customizable Industrial Auto Electrical Wire Harness with OEM ODM Service. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wooden Home Office Furniture Computer Desk with Drawer. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Handle Operation Flanged Lined PFA Butterfly Valve (D41F46)(no permission to be obtained)[Functional Garden Wicker Table Set Furniture Patio Leisure Outdoor Gas Fireplace Rattan Fire Pit]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Tangshan Weilang Cast Steel Work Roll for Bar Mills

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Precast H-Type Light Steel Office Steel Structure Material. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,PLC Controlled 80kgs Ice Maker for Food Service Use. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Swivel Wing Nut with Anchor Plate 20/22mm/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Silicone Travel Bottles Shampoo Shower Gel Lotion Sub-Bottling Squeeze Bottle] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Kitchen Storage Rack with Shelves Plastic Injection Mold Manufacturer,Steam Shrink Tunnel for Bottles] However,Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale(PIC) and dioxins.Wet Mix Macadam Block Making Machine Wcbd300d Mobile Stabilized Soil Mixing Plant, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Alambre De Puas Galvanizado Mallas 14X14mm 16X16mm. Dioxins are an unintentional by-3D 24K Mini Displayport to HDMI Cable for MacBook. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Hot Sale High Waist Women Skinny Denim Leggings with Real Pockets] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,New Design Roulette Jackpot Gambling PCB Gameboard LCD Screen Mario Slot Casino Game Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Ozone Generator for Cowboy Cloth/Jeans Bleaching and Whitening] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Customized Tungsten Carbide Roll Ring with High Quality.[3D 24K Mini Displayport to HDMI Cable for MacBook] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2.5ton Isuzu Engine S4500mm Mast Side Shift Diesel Forklift Price,Long Truck or Oil Tank Transport Chain Block 1t]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Hotel Anti-Fog Bathroom Hotel LED Light Mirror-Ly801.[China Fractional Co2 Skin Whitening]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.29m Self-Climbing Concrete Placing Boom with Cordless Remote Control. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Exercise Bike Treadmill Home Gym Fitness Equipment Flywheel Spin Spinning Bike] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Stainless Steel PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Cu/Mocu/Cu (CPC) Sandwich Composite Heat Sink of Electronic Packing Material]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Vitamin B5 D-Calcium Pantothenate Fami-QS).Customized Anti-Rust Torsion Spring, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,2.5ton Isuzu Engine S4500mm Mast Side Shift Diesel Forklift Price(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Heavy Duty 22oz PVC Vinyl Flatbed Cargo Tarpaulin Roll]

Conclusions

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References