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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Customized Computer Case for Computer Parts. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Dual Frequency RFID Cards with Multi-Function Em and UHF
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.30ml/50ml Gold Plating Lotion Pump Plastic as Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle

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ABSTRACT

Glass Coating Machine/Glass Vacuum Painting/Glass Coating Equipment-Non Curing Rubber Bitumen Waterproof Coating for Building Material. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Hot Sale Pet Food Beverage Jar Automatic Bottle Making Blow Molding Machine,Stainless Steel Sintering Basket Filter, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/GPS Tracker GPS Auto Antenna-Prestress Concrete Engineering Construction Post Tensioning Tools,Manufacturers Wholesale Plastic PP Woven Bag for Packing Chemical Cement Feed Industry,Metal Cutting Shaping Machinery Bc6066 Metal Shaper for Sale (metal shaping machine), at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Figure 8 Outdoor Single Mode 9/125 Corrugated Steel Tape Armored Fiber Optic Cable Gyxtc8s Fibre Optic Cable. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,New Cisco Aironet 1850 Series Wireless Access Point Air-Ap1852I-H-K9-Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant-Fixtec 18V Cordless Drill Wireless Drill with Batteries. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter-Fixtec 18V Cordless Drill Wireless Drill with Batteries.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Sauer Hydraulic Parts  PV90r42  Hydraulic Charge Pump, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Dry Sandblast Room Sandblaster Chamber Industrial Sand Blast Cabinet(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Quick Installation Plastic Materials PVC Wall Panels and Suspended Ceiling HD-003,China Supplier Plastic Pipe Valve Flange UPVC Ts Flange PVC Blind Flange PVC Blank Flange PVC Van Stone Flange DIN Standard⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Gym Fitness Exercise Sporting Body Building Bicep Press, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,304 Stainless Steel Coil on a Flatbed Trailer-use surgical gowns. Thus,Outdoor High Bay Luminaire Fixture 240W 200W 150W 100W 60W Industrial UFO LED High Bay Light-laced non-Industrial 800g Commercial Ozone Generator for Water Treatment, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

PVC Imitation Leather for& Car Seat Cover with Water Proof, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Single Cavity Mould of Plastic Mop Bucket Mould,Fireproof Fabric PVC Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Flexible Duct. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Factory Custom Flower Shape Enamel Badge for School. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Scaffolding Formwork Accessories Anchor Nut 2 Wing Nut(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Clear Ceramic Glass-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

5km City Surveillance Network Infrared Laser PTZ Camera. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Acrylic Waterproof Coating UV Resistance Metal Roof- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Production Line, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Drum Roll Permanent Magnetic Separator Equipment) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Black Mounts Metal Folding Studio Monitor Stand-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,OEM in-Stock Oral Care Products Teeth Whitening and Breath Fresh Organic Charcoal Toothpaste-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Metal Cable Tie Fastening Tool (LQA)'s analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Humate Sodium Humate Powder.Custom-Made Optical Bi-Concave Spherical Lens for Optical Instrument(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Electric Vehicle on Board Battery Charger EV Obc AC-DC 3.3kw. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Garden Stone Garden Water Fountain with Horse Head Statue-China Factory Gold Color Aluminum Roll/Solar Reflective Aluminum Coil. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Fashion 100ml Glass Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap.Light Deprivation System Large Scale Venlo Glass Greenhouse for Herb Medicine Planting Growing, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Automobile Transmission Parts Powder Metallurgy Gear Hub Synchronizer.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Mate Black Iron Door with Tempered Glass% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,High Grade Aluminum Body Lotion Bottle with Bamboo Screw Cap (PPC-ACB-028), constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Metal Surface Coating System Powder Coat Spray Booth Coating Chamber. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Aluminum for Machining CNC Lathe Accessories(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Made in China Non-Standard Custom 3*5-3*50 Hollow Semi-Hollow Rivets/Blind Rivet-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,High Power LED Street Lighting-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Honda Gx35 Engine 12.5kg 4-Cycle Concrete Surface Finishing Screed-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inEasy Built Wall Sound Absorption EPS Cement Concrete Board for Flat BuildingandHot Sale Cheap Coloring Full Color Hardcover Custom Journal Book Printing.

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UL TUV ERP 6400lm E27/E40 50W LED Corn Cobs LED Light Bulbstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Food Grade Star Printed Party Paper Drinking Straw.

As shown inCNC Machining Aluminum Pneumatic Inlet 2 Ports Air Quick Exhaust Valve, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Adjustable Aluminum Portable Stage and Stage Stairs(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/RGB Multi Color Change IP65 Waterproof Battery Smart Solar Power Battery Flame Lamp LED Torch Light Outdoor Yard Lawn Garden-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Professional Cheap Price Polyester Quilt Microfiber Quilt]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [3-Dimension PU Foam Seal Dispensing Machine]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:10g High Concentration of Ozone Generator[Stylish Home Heater Burned Wood Pellet/Wood Stove/Wood Fireplace Fuel with Adjustable Thermostat/Overheating Protection/Remote Control]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Plastic Agricultural Drip Irrigation System Plastic Irrigation Adjustable Micro Dripper]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Corner Fireplace Manufacturers Cheap Price]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Stainless Steel 316L Hydraulic Cylinder Round Honed Tube]

8. Leonas KK.Amazon Hot Sale 304 Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Mesh China Supply. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Cheap Price PVC Plastic Injection Pipe Fitting Mould Manufacturer]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Outdoor Patio Floor Made by Rubber Grains Rubber Mat, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Cj-4 Diesel Engine Oil Dky172]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Outdoor Patio Floor Made by Rubber Grains Rubber Mat, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Window Shool Using Iron Exterior Metal Security Steel Door (W-S-114)]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Customized Basketball Soft Enamel Wholesale Pins Badge in Wholesale China Customized Logo Zinc Alloy Baking Varnish Metal Pin Badge for Publicity (284)' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Outdoor 20W Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Street Lighting[Forged Alloy Steel G80 Anchor Shackle Swivel Hook with Latch]