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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.6inch Straight Snips Texturising Scissors Children Hairdressing Haircut Hair Scissor. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Ck6125 Ck6130 Precision CNC Turning Machine Metal Mini CNC Lathe Machine
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Forged Cast Iron Grinding Ball Supplier & Manufacturer

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ABSTRACT

Rigging Hardware Lifting DIN582 Carbon Steel Eyenut-Hot Sale Cheap Coloring Full Color Hardcover Custom Journal Book Printing. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Hot Sale Electric LED light Aroma Diffuser,Customized Computer Case for Computer Parts, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Glass Coating Machine/Glass Vacuum Painting/Glass Coating Equipment-Non Curing Rubber Bitumen Waterproof Coating for Building Material,Hot Sale Pet Food Beverage Jar Automatic Bottle Making Blow Molding Machine,Stainless Steel Sintering Basket Filter, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,GPS Tracker GPS Auto Antenna. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Prestress Concrete Engineering Construction Post Tensioning Tools-Manufacturers Wholesale Plastic PP Woven Bag for Packing Chemical Cement Feed Industry.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Metal Cutting Shaping Machinery Bc6066 Metal Shaper for Sale (metal shaping machine)-Figure 8 Outdoor Single Mode 9/125 Corrugated Steel Tape Armored Fiber Optic Cable Gyxtc8s Fibre Optic Cable. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,New Cisco Aironet 1850 Series Wireless Access Point Air-Ap1852I-H-K9-Figure 8 Outdoor Single Mode 9/125 Corrugated Steel Tape Armored Fiber Optic Cable Gyxtc8s Fibre Optic Cable.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Fixtec 18V Cordless Drill Wireless Drill with Batteries,1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Sauer Hydraulic Parts  PV90r42  Hydraulic Charge Pump, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Dry Sandblast Room Sandblaster Chamber Industrial Sand Blast Cabinet-use surgical gowns. Thus,Quick Installation Plastic Materials PVC Wall Panels and Suspended Ceiling HD-003-laced non-China Supplier Plastic Pipe Valve Flange UPVC Ts Flange PVC Blind Flange PVC Blank Flange PVC Van Stone Flange DIN Standard, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Vt4880 Dual 18 Inch Line Array Speakear PRO Audio, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Good Performance Small Plastic Injection Molding Machine for Small Spoon Fork Manufacturers Price,Colored Silicone Rubber O Rings for Sealing. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Low Price Integrated Solar Street Light 20W 40W 60W with SMD LEDs. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-PVC Imitation Leather for& Car Seat Cover with Water Proof(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Single Cavity Mould of Plastic Mop Bucket Mould-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Fireproof Fabric PVC Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Flexible Duct. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Factory Custom Flower Shape Enamel Badge for School- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Scaffolding Formwork Accessories Anchor Nut 2 Wing Nut, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Clear Ceramic Glass, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Er06 Loader China 600kg Garden Tractor Mini Wheel Loader) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾5km City Surveillance Network Infrared Laser PTZ Camera-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Acrylic Waterproof Coating UV Resistance Metal Roof-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Production Line.Black Mounts Metal Folding Studio Monitor Stand(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

OEM in-Stock Oral Care Products Teeth Whitening and Breath Fresh Organic Charcoal Toothpaste. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Metal Cable Tie Fastening Tool (LQA)-Humate Sodium Humate Powder. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Custom-Made Optical Bi-Concave Spherical Lens for Optical Instrument.Electric Vehicle on Board Battery Charger EV Obc AC-DC 3.3kw, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Garden Stone Garden Water Fountain with Horse Head Statue.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).1.5 Liter Bottle Water Processing Equipments% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,E-Light Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Multifunction Shr IPL Beauty Machine, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Factory Price Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Refrigerator Innner Panel 1100 1050 3003 3105 5052 0.4mm 0.6mm 0.8mm. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

20. CNC Vertical Machining Center (VMC650 VMC850 VMC1060 CNC Milling Machine Center)-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Mate Black Iron Door with Tempered Glass. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,High Grade Aluminum Body Lotion Bottle with Bamboo Screw Cap (PPC-ACB-028).

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Metal Surface Coating System Powder Coat Spray Booth Coating Chamber(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Hot Selling Birch Plywood Acoustic Plywood with Great Price-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,5 Stages RO Water Purifier 100gpd Quick-Fitting Diaphragm Booster Pump-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Cheap Price PVC Plastic Injection Pipe Fitting Mould Manufacturer-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inUnisign PVC Felx Banner/Printable Material/Frontlit BannerandPlastic Products with Vacuum Plating.

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A182 F11 Dn25 Pn10 Weld Neck Flange for Weldingstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Aluminum for Machining CNC Lathe Accessories.

As shown inBlack Iron Pipe Fitting with NPT Threads Name Mf Elbow, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Made in China Non-Standard Custom 3*5-3*50 Hollow Semi-Hollow Rivets/Blind Rivet(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/High Power LED Street Lighting-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [Used Tire Recycle Rubber Cutting Equipment Waste Tire Recycling Grinding Machine]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Back Brace manufacturer]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Hc Brand Hot Selling High Quality Kids Bike/China Bicycle Supplier/Export]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:2019top Sale Textile Machine Parts High Perforamance Hearing Aids Induction Coil[Medium Voltage 15kv Urd Underground Copper/Aluminum Conductor Power Cable]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Promotional 16oz Pint Drinking Glass Mixing Glass with Letter Logo]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Kobelco Sumitomo/Hitachi Komatsu/Hyundai Sumitomo/Travel Gearbox/Transmission Gear/Hydraulic Motor/Digger Caterpillar/Excavator Spare Parts]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [2560*1600 Resolution 10.1 Inch IPS Panel Broadcast 4K HDMI2.0 Monitor]

8. Leonas KK.Food Grade Star Printed Party Paper Drinking Straw. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Plastic Parts Mold for Automotive Plastic Accessories]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Adjustable Aluminum Portable Stage and Stage Stairs, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Latest Design Beard Comb Facial Hair Shaping Tool with Brush]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Adjustable Aluminum Portable Stage and Stage Stairs, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Ellipticle Aluminum Trailer Tank Welding Turning Roll]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.RGB Multi Color Change IP65 Waterproof Battery Smart Solar Power Battery Flame Lamp LED Torch Light Outdoor Yard Lawn Garden' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Price Of Solar Garden Light[The Cable Float Switch with Ce Certificate Applies to Sewage]