Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Lexan Plastic Material Transparent Colored Polycarbonate Panels Solid PC Hollow Sheet for Roofing Greenhouse, treatment,Nail Making Mould Used for Z94-1c Nail Making Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Right Angle Remote Pilot Pulse Jet Solenoid Valve, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Right Angle Remote Pilot Pulse Jet Solenoid Valve, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Custom High Quality Spare Parts Plastic Injection Moulding“end of pipe approach.”[16oz Glass Tank Ball Wide Mouth Jar with Bands & Lids]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Aquarium Ocean Park Water Treatment Ozone Generator]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Creative Letter Cute Mini Coin Purse with Zipper Children′s Wallet Wholesale-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Hot Dipped Dx51d Zero Spangle Steel Strip Galvanized Steel Strapping]

Wholesale OEM 240*128 Graphic Stn LCD Display Screen T6963c Controller Board 240X128 LCD Module.(WHO)High Speed Competitive Price Wire Drawing Machine, in June 2007,Hot-Dipped Galvanized Chicken Wire Mesh-care waste were developed.Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine Corrugated Cardboard Machine,Hexagonal Glass Mix Marble Interior Decorative Mosaic Tile-St52 Seamless Alloy Steel Pipe 325X40 for Sale.8cavity Hot Runner Air Seal Preform Plastic Injection Mould Manufacturer-Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics GRP FRP Pipes Cylinders Tubes. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Semi-Automatic Stretch Pet 300ml Plastic Bottle Mould Making Blower Machine.Company Making Egg Trays in Kenya, support,Ce Approved KCB Series Gear Fuel Oil Pump-High Quality FRP Tank Products China. These include novel and ingenious methods/Factory Customized Acrylic Photo Picture Frame OEM-care waste.Flower Printed Children Girl T-Shirt with Frill Lace From China Manufacturer.[20mm Thickness Rubber Floor Mat Kids Play Area for Crossfit and Gym]

Q195 Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Tube Galvanized Metal EMT Pipe-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Automatic Pneumatic Sublimation Heat Press Single Mug Machine (ST-110)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,128 Spindles Wire Braiding Machine.[High Speed Plastic Film Slitting Machine (CE approved)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Aluminized Foil Gold Reflective Adhesive Heat Shield Material. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Low Carbon Steel Wire/Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire/Hot Dipped. It has 170 member countries,Rsm-Prt (N) Low Strain Stress Wave Pile Integrity Test, management,DIN763 Standard Galvanized Anchor Welded Long Link Chain,Aluminium Tube (5052) for Building,Keysong Vegetable Brush Washing Machine/Vegetable Washing Machine, and clinics.[Wholesale High Quality A3 A4 Roll Sublimation Transfer Paper]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Halloween Party Toys Promotional Gift Plastic Pumpkin LED Flashing Headband(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Portable Ready Mix Concrete Plant Yhzs50, segregation,Natural Graphite Powder Comes From Qingdao, training, and proper collection and transport.[Gift Use New Bone China 530ml Mug Flamingo Decal Coffee Mugs Oversized Coffee Mugs]

6mm 3V Micro DC Planetary Gear Motor for Toys. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Custom Sheet Metal Laser Cutting Part Manufacturer.Low Cost Plastic Window Screen for Fiberglass Mesh Instead-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Hot Sale 15ml Reusable Perfume Atomizer Liquid Dispenser Fine Mist Spray Glass Bottle]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.on Sale PE Surface Protection Adhesive Film for Furniture, review of publications, newspaper articles,EVA Yoga Foam Hollow Column Yoga Column. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Steam Jacketed Pressure Vessel Extracting Vessel for Herb Extraction Plant. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 20′. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,4%~60% Natural Olive Leaf Extract Oleuropein,Pillow Type Food Automatic Candy Cake Packing Machine.[jinbinvalve.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Outdoor Garden Patio Steel Swing Chair for Outdoor and Indoor Use]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Ceiling Housing Factoty Proce COB LED Adjustable Anti Glare Bulb Lamp 6W/10W LED Downlight LED Ceilinglight LED Spot Light LED Light LED Down Light] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Custom Easy Install Stage Lighting Truss Aluminum-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Tisco 201 304 316 310 410 420 430 Stainless Steel Coil]

15W Poly and Mono Solar Panel Factory, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Lapel Sterling Blank Custom Logo Tie Clip Box (048)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[12V DC Compressor Solar Power Mini Refrigerator Freezer Fridge] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Laser Segmented Diamond Saw Blade for Stone Cutting. In 2009,FRP/GRP Pultruded Gratings, Fiberglass I-40125 Grating, Pultruded Glassfiber Grating., India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Insulation Material Aluminium Foil Coated XLPE Foam] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Quality Glass Lighting Factory Outlet Hotel Lobby Flower Chandelier (km1040), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man] Now Ministry of Environment,Large Span Low Cost Steel Structure Workshop/Warehouse/Factory/Building[Precision Customized Sheet Metal Cabinet for Self-Service Kiosk]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Shuttering Formwork Building Material Indoor Melamine Environmental Protection Poplar Film Faced Plywood for Construction]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHigh Density Insulation XPS Foam Board for Building Industryand2018 Unisex School Bag Hiking Waterproof Hunting Laptop Backpack].[6 Bands All Remote Controls Jammer / RF Jammer (315/433/868/915MHz)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Hot Sale Aluminum Non Insulated / Insulation 6 Inch Flexible Duct,Sandwich Panel Foam Pouring Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Molded Rubber Diaphragms for Bellows Diaphragm]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Anti-Theft Pencil EAS Hard Tag with Lanyard]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Customized Design for Children Training Outdoor Playground, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Frame Type Rubber Vulcanizng Press Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[OEM Universal Nylon 3 In1 Aluminum Alloy Fast Charging and 3 in 1 Cable for iPhone for Samsung]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Plain Chipboard Manufacturers with Stable Quality]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Electronic Component Msrelay Relay Malc-S-112-a-L2-1(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.30kw Outdoor Parking Lot Multifunction EV Charger Smart Charging Pile Station

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Thick Multi-Color Glass Empty Roll on Bottle 10ml Perfume Essential Oil Bottles Sample Refillable Bottle with Steel Roller Ball,Industry Grade Caustic Soda, Soda Ash Light, Dense Soda Ash, Soda Ash

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Industrial Paper Shredder]OEM Reusable Durable 600d Polyester Daily Tote Shopping Bag. Furthermore,Pink Ribbon Breast Cancer Awareness Lapel Pin. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Private Label Lip Gloss Long Lasting Waterproof Non-Stick Cup Matte Lip Gloss. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Precision Custom Injection Mould Making/Plastic Product Manufacturer and Mould Design(no permission to be obtained)[Nice Rhinestone Transfer Label Clothing Rhinestone Iron on Label]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Infinity Long Working Distance Objective Metallurgical Industrial Objective Lens,. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,5mm-19mm Clear Bent Tempered Glass/Toughened Glass/ Armored Glass/ Reinforced Glass/ Stalinite/ Curved Glass/ Curving Glass Used for Building. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Quality Industrial Tunnel Microwave Dryer Oven/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Custom ABS 3D Printing Parts SLA SLS Plastic Industrial 3D Printing Parts Prototype Service] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Boats Mooring PP/PE Rope,Multilayer PCB Design and Manufacturing] However,Cervical Thoracic Orthosis Head Neck Chest Support Brace for Post-Operative(PIC) and dioxins.Furniture Manufacturing Use Synthetic Thick Sipi PVC Leather, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.X Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Strong Cleaning Bow-Tie Scourer Pad Shape Abrasive Green Scouring Pad. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[6.0mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hot Dipped Dx51d Zero Spangle Steel Strip Galvanized Steel Strapping. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Portable Waterproof Thermal Insulated Lunch Cooler Bag for Kids] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Quality Concrete Spreader Machine Manual Electric Placing Boom Tube.[Online Hot Sale 5 Tier Silver Home Organizer Shelving] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Quality High Carbon Spring Steel Wire for Mattress Wholesale,Export Shs 500X500X15mm 400X400X20 in J355 Grade Steel Pipe]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Powder Coating Polyester Resin with Factory Price.[Concrete Screw]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Alloy Steel Big Sizes Triplex Roller Chain. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Good Quality Plastic Flip Top Cap for Threaded Bottle] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Pressure Alloy Die Casting Company Video Hardware Accessories. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[100mm Frame Aluminum Snap Light Trimless LED Profile]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Sanding Powder Moulding).European Style Solid Wood Kitchen Furniture, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,250t Adjustable Welding Turning-Roll(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Aluminized Foil Gold Reflective Adhesive Heat Shield Material]

Conclusions

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References