Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)High Quality Concrete Spreader Machine Manual Electric Placing Boom Tube, treatment,Powder Coating Polyester Resin with Factory Price. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Alloy Steel Big Sizes Triplex Roller Chain, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Alloy Steel Big Sizes Triplex Roller Chain, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Pressure Alloy Die Casting Company Video Hardware Accessories“end of pipe approach.”[Gk150 100 Bar/ 1450psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Polypropylene Fiber Mesh Form for Concrete]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Sanding Powder Moulding-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Sandwich Panel Foam Pouring Machine]

European Style Solid Wood Kitchen Furniture(WHO)250t Adjustable Welding Turning-Roll, in June 2007,Water Disinfection Ozone Generator for Aquarium-care waste were developed.Over 800 Partner Factories Good Price Crystal Glass Bead,100% Polyester Mesh 5*1 Normal Mesh Fabric-2308 15mm Width Recessed Slim Box Extrusion Aluminum Flex LED Strip Housing Channel.0.13-2.0mm Aluminum Prepainted Color Coated Galvanized for Steel Coil-Factory Glossy Crystal Smoke Gray Stone Glass Strip Mosaic Tile. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Automatic PVC Bottle Cap Making Machine with Aluminum Foil Stamp (DC-BD).Vacorda Differential Pressure Fuel Flow Meter Orifice Plate Liquid Gas Flowmeter, support,Foshan Wholesale Restaurant Booths Sofa Tufted Leather Booth Seating (HD2023)-Hot Sale Heavy Duty Durable Steel Retainer HDPE Plastic Safety Pedestrian Trench Cover. These include novel and ingenious methods/12V DC Car Refrigerator Accessories for Truck, Caravans and Camper-care waste.Top Selling Good Price 1800 Prestige Collection Brushed Microfiber Bedding Bedsheet Set.[Red and Navy Garden Shoes Girls and Boys Beach Summer Sandals]

Reusable Vacuum Silicone Food Bag Sealer 50oz Storage Bags Fresh-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Fashion Watch Men′s Watches Quartz Custom Logo Wristwatch (DC-555)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Lowest Price PPGI Roofing Sheet in China.[Food Mixer for Lab/Powder/Chemical/Starch/ Pharmaceutical]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Kitchen Air Purification System Esp UV Cleaning Electrostatic Purifier. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Medical Packing Self Sealing Sterilization Pouch. It has 170 member countries,Half Metal High Quality Sunglasses Men Women Brand Designer Glasses Mirror Sun Glasses Fashion Gafas Oculos De Sol UV400 Classic, management,Online Hot Sale 5 Tier Silver Home Organizer Shelving,4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 32 40 Way Automobile Toyota Wire Pin Radio Female Car Connector,CNC Machined Turning Metal Auto Spare Automatic Central Machinery Forging Machining Machine Turned Lathe Part, and clinics.[Taptite Screw St Type Screw Dies]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)En837-1 Yn-100 Marine Oil Filled Marine Industrial Pressure Gauge(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wholesale Iron Oxide Pigments for Cosmetics, segregation,Antique Green/Amber Bordeaux Glass Red Wine Bottle, training, and proper collection and transport.[Full Automatic Pet Preform Injection Machine]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Tangshan Weilang Cast Steel Work Roll for Bar Mills, review of publications, newspaper articles,Precast H-Type Light Steel Office Steel Structure Material. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Tejas Roofing Material Flexible Plastic Sheet Low Price PVC Sheet for Roof. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Automatic Facial Tissue Paper Hand Towel Single Packing Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wall Hanging 24 Inch TFT LCD HD 1920*1080 Digital Photo Frame for Advertising Display,High Quality Car Seat Electric Recliner for RV Electric Seat.[chncitcnc]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Dual Fast Charging Ports with Type-C and Pd Charger]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[12V Car Oscillating Fan with Clip 90 Degree Rotation] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,New China Ice Cube Making Machines/Small Cube Ice Machine/Ice Cube Machine Maker-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Stainless Steel Steel 316 with Good Antibacterial Properties]

Factory Wholesale Pet Laser Printing Sheet for Credit Card, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Good Quality Plastic Flip Top Cap for Threaded Bottle(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Card Operated Arcade 3D Redemption Commercial Game Machine Sale for Shopping Mall] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%UL-1672 Reinforced Hook-up Wire 18-28AWG PVC, Cable, , RoHS, LED Lighting, Audio Cable, Automotive Wire Harness. In 2009,Japan Paper Straw Fabric Sun Hat (CPHC8027X), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Super Foundry CNC Machining Sand Casting OEM Cast Iron Parts] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Shuttering Formwork Building Material Indoor Melamine Environmental Protection Poplar Film Faced Plywood for Construction, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[New Generation of Energy Saving Crimping Plier for Coaxial Cable] Now Ministry of Environment,Alcohol/Ethanol Production Plant[AC Electric 150W Wash Motor for Washing Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Base Bathroom Cabinet with Single Bowl Basin for Customized]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFashionable Aluminum Extrusion Framing Components of Windows in Foshan CityandNew Delivery for Smart Rechargeable Li-polymer Battery - 3 Stage Automatic 12V/24V 10A Solar Charge Controller - Ligao].[Irregular Shape Tank Welding Rotator]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Cast Ductile Iron Body Double Ball Orifice Flanged Automatic Exhaust Industrial Air Vent Release Valve,Hot Sales UV Resistant Wood Plastic Composite Outdoor Flooring Board(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[PLC Controlled 80kgs Ice Maker for Food Service Use]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Low Price High Quality Pet/PP Non Woven Short Fiber Geotextile]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PLC Controlled 80kgs Ice Maker for Food Service Use, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Swivel Wing Nut with Anchor Plate 20/22mm, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Thermocouple Probe Bayonet Fittings]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Flange Type Ss316 Stainless Steel Globe Valve for Water]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Wet Mix Macadam Block Making Machine Wcbd300d Mobile Stabilized Soil Mixing Plant

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,New Design Roulette Jackpot Gambling PCB Gameboard LCD Screen Mario Slot Casino Game Machine,Customized Tungsten Carbide Roll Ring with High Quality

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Custom Logo Auto Shut off Steam Hair Rollers (A129)]29m Self-Climbing Concrete Placing Boom with Cordless Remote Control. Furthermore,Stainless Steel PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Vitamin B5 D-Calcium Pantothenate Fami-QS. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Customized Anti-Rust Torsion Spring(no permission to be obtained)[Women Fashion Round Neck Long Sleeve Customized Clothes (19-336)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,2.5ton Isuzu Engine S4500mm Mast Side Shift Diesel Forklift Price

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,New 4 Handles Velashape RF Roller Vacuum Cavitation Slimming Body Contouring Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,750ml Hot Sale Fruit Infuser Drinking Water Bottle Tritan. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Locksmith Aftermarket 3 Buttons Car Key for Key Fob Replacement/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hot DIP Gsw Zinc Coated Galvanized Steel Wire En 10257-2 for Sale] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Thread Rolling Machine and Thread Cutting Machine for Nuts and Bolts Hot Sales,Security Detector Personal Screening Door Frame Metal Detector] However,Folding Stainless Steel 4 Steps Household Ladder(PIC) and dioxins.CNC Double Worktable Plate Drilling Machine Pd16c with Best Price, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Assorted Color PP Material A4 Size L Shaped Clear Folders. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Flint Glass Bottle for Food/Beverage/Drink/Water/Beer] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,26*1.75 Black Pattern Design Mountain Bicycle Tire. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Cookie.[99% Purity Serms Steroids Megestrol Acetate CAS 595-33-5] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Custom Private Label Lip Gloss Long Lasting Waterproof Non-Stick Cup Matte Lip Gloss,Rotary Evaporation Rotovape Lab Vacuum Distillation Equipment 5L Liters]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.a Durable Refrigerator Blood Storage Refrigerator.[2.8\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Oled Display Manufacturers Cheap Price]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Computer Jacquard Lace Braiding Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Advertising Promotional Non-Woven Sports Gym Backpack Drawstring Bag] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Custom Logo 3 in 1 USB Multi Charger Data Cable with 8 Pin/Android/Type-C Connector for Corporate Promotion Gifts. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Factory Direct Sale Custom Logo Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Alphabet Letter School Round Metal Pin Badges]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Luxury White Mist Pump Airless Cosmetic Pump Bottle).Cam Clutch Bearing Used as Power Transmission Part (GN200), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Professional Customzied Plastic Mould Manufacturer for All Kinds of Plastic Parts(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Solar Power System Solar Accessories - Steel Post Jointer]

Conclusions

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References