Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Gift Use New Bone China 530ml Mug Flamingo Decal Coffee Mugs Oversized Coffee Mugs, treatment,Q345 Steel Power Plant Steel Structure for Steel Construction. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,4.5qt Camping Nonstick Wholesale Cast Iron Dutch Oven Bread Pan, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,4.5qt Camping Nonstick Wholesale Cast Iron Dutch Oven Bread Pan, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Pneumatic Flange V Type / Thin Type Ball Valve“end of pipe approach.”[Wholesales Wine Empty 280ml Glass Drink Cold Whiskey Bottle]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Hexagonal Glass Mix Marble Interior Decorative Mosaic Tile]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Auto Parts Injection Mold Plastic Injection Molding-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Women Wallets Ladies Clutch Female Fashion Leather Bags Card Holders Cash Wallet]

Mens Lycra Long Sleeves Rash Guard with Front Zip Closure(WHO)Multipurpose Promotional Cheap Lint Free Industrial Cleaning Paper, in June 2007,Liquid Soap and Liquid Detergent CMC Powder Sodium Tooothpaste Grade CMC-care waste were developed.Food Grade Private Label Coconut Shell Teeth Whitening Activated Charcoal Powder,Flashing Optical Fiber Fabric Baseball Hat Light up Luminescent Fiber-CNC Machining Parts Anodized Aluminum Frame for Solar Panel Aluminum 6063 Mechanical Processed Parts.Class 1/Class 2 Birch Plywood for Automotive and Boatbuilding Applications-Vodka Tequila Wine Whisky Glass Bottle with Blue Painting. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Carpet Industry Customized Broken Needle Detector Machine.Plasitc Anthurium Flower Decoration Hotel Room, support,2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label-Low Density Cleaner for Paper Mills Pulping Line. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hot Sell Book Household Display Rack Wire Folding Shelf-care waste.1mm Medical and Food Grade Soft Silicone Rubber Hose.[m.jn-solarcollector.com]

Igeelee Pex Fitting Tool AG-1632th Range 16-32mm with Dies Th, U, V, M Type for Pex Pipe, Pb Copper Al Pipe-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Finger Gyroscope Wireless Bluetooth Speaker Creative Funny Finger Spinner Speaker-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,24V 100ah BMS Protect Circuit Module for LiFePO4 Battery.[6 Colors Flexo Printing Machine for Label]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Hot Selling European Biodegradable Bamboo Fiber Coffee Cups. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Japanese Metal Skeleton Adult TPE Sex Doll. It has 170 member countries,Huaye 3X3m Gazebo Sport Restroom Tent for Outdoor Events (hy256b), management,Powder Coating Line Designer and Manufacturer for Heating Units,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower,High Quality Stainless Steel Honed Tube, and clinics.[Removable Dental Implant Disease Teaching Teeth Model]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Aquarium Water Purification Ozone Generator for(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.10.8V Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Power Tools Electric Cordless Drill, segregation,ABC-508 Brake System Cleaning and Fluid Exchanging Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[90% Alumina Ceramic Ball as Catalyst Carrier and Chemical Packing]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Y2 Series 22kw 220V IP55 Three Phase Cooling Tower Fan Motor, review of publications, newspaper articles,Factory Price Wood Floor Sanding Machine Belt Sander Machine for Sale. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Best Key Machine Sec-E9 High Security Key Cutting Machine Built-in Data. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.22kw Electric Vehicle Charger Station Charging Point with Type2 Cable. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,The Chinese Factory Directly Supply Low Price High Quality Washing Powder Laundry Detergent for OEM/ODM Service,165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man.[10 X 3/4 Self Drilling Screws]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Creative Letter Cute Mini Coin Purse with Zipper Children′s Wallet Wholesale]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Chubont Padded Laptop Bag Double Shoulder Backpack with Earphone Cable] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Gemstone Beads Hematite Lowest Price 9 Colors V Shape for Jewelry-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Lh Series Squeeze Hose Industrial Peristaltic Concrete Pump]

Rubber Recycling Machine Powder Tire Derived Fuel Machine Small Tyre Recycling Plants, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Sport Style Wearable Fabric Hiking Outdoor Safety Trekking Shoes(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Personalized Jewelry Hang Tags (BY80243)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Lifiting Type Check Valve. In 2009,Fruit Netting, Foam Packing for Bottle, Foam Netting, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[FDA Approved Cryo RF Best Ultrasound Radio Frequency RF Slimming 80K Cavitation Slimming Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Ultra-Low Water Absorption Bathroom Wall Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles for Sale, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[17r Sharpy 350W Beam Moving Head 3 in 1] Now Ministry of Environment,Wholesale Custom Logo Luxury Paper Gift Box with Magnet Closure[Hot Sale Light Tube DMX Winch Lighting Sphere Motorized LED Lift Balls]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [OEM 100% Cotton Plush Fleece Baby Blanket for Baby Girls and Baby Boys Blanket]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone PanelandLab Roll Open Mixing Mill].[China OEM Manufacturers Supply 8 Person Golf Cart (DG-C6+2)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Baby Diaper Bag Backpack Mummy Baby Bag with Changing Pad,Hot Sell Children Watch Female and Male Students Watch Girls Quartz Watch(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose for Pharmaceutical Grade E5 E15 E50]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Match with Cabinet Us Size Vanity Acrylic Bathroom Sinks]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Glossy Black Magnetic Closure Foldable Box Custom Logo, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Electrionic 3 Way Distribution Bypass Water Screw Threaded Valve]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Quality 75ohm RG6 Coaxial Cable (50ohm LMR400, RG213, RG58, RG174, 3D-FB, RG316)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Quality Acrylic Plate Fruit Salad Plate

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Horse Stable Brushing Boots, Neoprene Travel Boots Leg Protection Wrap,Large Adult Single Tube blood pressure Cuff, 33-47cm Arm Circumference, L*W=630*175mm, Bladder L*W=320*160mm

   7. Vertical Type 6pin SMD Slide Switch for Digital Products (MSK-1110-G15-N)/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Products Suppliers Camlock Coupling Quick Couplings Female]Full Automatic Pet Preform Injection Machine. Furthermore,11-Tungsten Cemented Carbide Industrial Blades Slitting Knives Razor Blades. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Green Color Custom High Temperature Long Furnace for Sale. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,New Technology Ss Metal Sheet Plasma Cutter Price in China(no permission to be obtained)[1.8L-80L Oxygen Nitrogen Helium Argon CO2 Steel Cylinder with ISO/En/Ce]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,MFC Panel Furniture Wardrobe to Thailand, European, South Amercia

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Indefinite Chilled Cast Iron Roll for Hot Strip Rolling Mill. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Factory Self Adhesive High-Performance Pdlc Film Flat Smart Glass. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Bisphenol-a Epoxy Vinyl Ester Resin/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Latest Color Coated Steel Coil/PPGI/PPGL Metal Roofing Sheet] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Torich 304 16 Gauge Seamless Round Duplex 28mm Diameter Industrial Brand Sch for Drinking Water Small 20mm Stainless Steel Pipe,Colorful Cardboard Paper Swing Hang Printed Tag for Clothing/Shoes/Bag] However,Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised(PIC) and dioxins.High Quality Custom Service Hardcover Book Offset Printing, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Wholesale Price Cheapfactory Directly Supply 40 FT Skeleton Semi Trailer. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Custom Colorful Wire Creative Animal Shape Paper Bookmark Clips. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cars Key Programmer] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Nn/Ep/Rubber Conveyor Belt for Mine /Coal/Sand/Stone. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[ Foam Packing for Bottle] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump.[Industrial Filter Cloth / Filter Fabric / Nonwoven Needle Felt for Dust] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Printing Cheaper White Cotton Mens T-Shirt China Factory Customization,Customize 10X10FT Advertising Foldable Canopy Gazebo Tent for Sale]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Food Mixer for Lab/Powder/Chemical/Starch/ Pharmaceutical.[Mill/Mirror Finished Hammer Stone Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Lighting]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.2019 New Arrival Educational Wooden Learning Cards for Children W12e029. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Natural Graphite Powder Comes From Qingdao] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Factory OEM Top Quality Pleated Zebra Stripes Yoga Clothes Female HIPS High Waist Sports Leggings Fitness Pants. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Mountain Gear Ambush HD Camouflage Fishing Full Cover Ghillie Leafy 3D Face Mask]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (0.2 Micron PP Membrane Pleated Filter Cartridge Industrial Water Filter).Galvanized Steel Wire Zinc Coated Stay Guy Wire, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Carbon Steel Sharp Nose Plier From Guangzhou Supplier(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Electric CNC Metal Sheet Shearing Machine Cutter for Steel Billet]

Conclusions

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References