Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)RFID Card, PVC ID Card, Business IC Card ID Card, treatment,Super Soft Bed Cheap Throw in Bulk Flannel Fleece Blanket Queen Twin Size Blankets. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Ce Horizontal Flow Wrapping Machine for Bread Chocolate, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Ce Horizontal Flow Wrapping Machine for Bread Chocolate, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,En 856 4sh Multi Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hydraulic Rubber Hoses/Rubber Hydraulic Hose/Hydraulic Hose“end of pipe approach.”[Best Toothpaste for Teeth and Gums]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[4X2 6t 8t Wrecker Truck Rotator Tow Truck for Sale]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Multifunctional 3 in 1 E-Light Dpl IPL +Picosure + RF for Tattoo Removal & Hair Removal & Skin Rejuvenation-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Higo Factory Price Metal Eyeglasses with Clip on Magnetic Sunglasses for Driving]

Mobile Forest Log Wood Peeler, Peeling Machine(WHO)3mx1.5m Fixed Front Service Pole/Wall Mounted Outdoor LED Display Advertising Display Signs, in June 2007,Aluminum Profile Aluminum Parts Aluminum Tube-care waste were developed.0.3mm White PVC Inkjet Printing Plastic Sheet for ID Cards,Precision Graphite Guide Bushings for Plastic Mold Parts Stripper Guide Bushing& Ball Retainer-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.Wholesale Night Vision Car Rear View Camera-5.1 Home Theater Multimedia Bluetooth Speaker Surround Sound HiFi Speaker with Changeable LED Lights. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Medical Surgical Hospital Face Mask with Earloops.17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh, support,Long Truck or Oil Tank Transport Chain Block 1t-PA/EVOH/PP High Barrier Stretch Plastic Film for Food Packing. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hot Dipped Galvanized Razor Wire Bto-22-care waste.Light Weight Camping Hammock with Bug Net.[Polycarbon Cycling Sun Glasses Polarized Outdoor Sports Goods Bicycle Glasses Bike Sunglasses Tr90 Goggles Eyewear]

3.0MP Outdoor 360 Degree Vr Wireless Camera Panoramic Lens Security CCTV Camera Waterproof Fisheye IP Camera-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Home Water Purifier Ozone Generator 500 Grams Vegetable Washing Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,PP/PS/PE Plastic Sheet Extrusion Machine.[Reusable Vacuum Silicone Food Bag Sealer 50oz Storage Bags Fresh]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Custom Print HDPE/LDPE Plastic T-Shirt Shopping Vest Bags with Gusset. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Kids Fleece Blanket Fire Blanket Embroidery Stadium Blanket, segregation,FRP Rectangular Tube 20mm to 110mm Dimensions and Customer Demand Surface Treatment Flexible Rectangular Plastic Tube, training, and proper collection and transport.[OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China, review of publications, newspaper articles,Creative Cartoon Superman Captain America Spiderman Batman Doll Air Outlet Perfume Clip Car Interior Decorations. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Explosive Cat and Dog Feeder Plastic Smart Pet Supplies Timing Quantitative Recordable Pet Automatic Feeder. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Healthy Nonstick Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Dutch Oven/Cast Iron Bakeware/Sizzle/ Sizzler. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Anodized Ce Certified Swivel Snap Hook Aluminum Hooks,12V 24V Solar Street Light Round 20W 30W 50W 100W.[Classic Sport Shoes]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Quality Anti-Corrosion Fiberglass Sheet and Roll]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[26*1.75 Black Pattern Design Mountain Bicycle Tire] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hot Sale 750ml Dark Green Glass Bordeaux Bottle-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hot Sales UV Resistant Wood Plastic Composite Outdoor Flooring Board]

Clevis Slip Hook Self Colored Painted or Zinc Plated, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Reverse Circulation RC Hammer for Blasting and Mining Exploration Drilling(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Ce Approved KCB Series Gear Fuel Oil Pump] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hot Sale Sexy Lace Underwear Set Push up Bra with Boyshort (FPY318). In 2009,New Design Disposable Trocars for Laparoscopic Surgery, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[2019 Newest Hot Selling Cute Fashion Baby Boys Girls Kids Oxford Shoes Soft Sole Loafer Dress Shoes Leather2018 Newest Hot Selling Cute Fashion Baby Boys Girls] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Advertising Promotional Non-Woven Sports Gym Backpack Drawstring Bag, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Alcohol/Ethanol Production Plant] Now Ministry of Environment,2019 Good Quality, Cheap Price 110cc Kids ATV for Sale[Luxury White Mist Pump Airless Cosmetic Pump Bottle]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [300mm Waterproof PVC Bathroom Wall Covering Panels in]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLED SMT Reflow Ovenand5090/7090 Honeycomb Cooling Pad for Water Air Cooler].[Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,110cc Automatic Red Mini ATV for Chain Drive (MDL GA002-5),Simple Maintenance Easy to Handle Open Cam System Biodegradable Paper Cup Making/Forming Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Hotel Anti-Fog Bathroom Hotel LED Light Mirror-Ly801]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hand Made Custom Soccer Football Logo Cap Emblem Embroidery Patch Badge at Low Price]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Dust Removal Sticky Roller Adhesive Roller for Cleanroom, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. LED Linear Lamp Waterproof Dustproof IP65 60W LED Tri-Proof Light, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[DC Stand Fan Motor PCBA Card 24V]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Cookie]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Pet Engineering Grade Security Film Reflective Sheet Prism Reflector Material(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.LED SMT Reflow Oven, Wave Soldering Machine Puhui T962A+

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Ce DOT Kgs Certified Low Pressure 18bar 13.4L Helium Gas Helium Tank for Balloon Filling,First Generation Zva Automatic Fuel Nozzle for Fuel Dispenser (ZVA DN 19)

   7. Motor Mounting Plate Laser Cutting Punched Parts/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Anti Glare Adjustable Surface Mounted IP54 7W COB LED Downlight]Hongyan Genlyon 6X4 15m3 Water Tanker Truck 290HP Cq1254HMG384. Furthermore,One Piece Steel Small Garden Hand Spade. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Rubber Boots/Automotive Rubber Bellows/Spare Parts Rubber Parts Use in Car. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Steel Wire Braided High Pressure Rubber Hose with Fitting(no permission to be obtained)[Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,5ml 6ml 8ml 10ml PP Perfume Pen Bottle/Mini Refillable Travel Use Pocket Size Sprayer Bottle

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,10m Span Flame Retardant PVC Roof Metal Wall Warehouse Tent. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Genuine Belt Tensioner 4936440 for Cummins Diesel Engines. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Custom Printed Paper Bags No Minimum Shopping Paper Bags/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hot Sales High Purity Nitrous Oxide Gas / Laughing Gas] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Snow Fat Tire Full Suspension Electric Bike with Lithium Battery,Solar Home System 4000W Best Hybrid Solar Inverter System] However,Commercial Inflatable Obstacle Course, Interactive Inflatables, Inflatable Sports Games(PIC) and dioxins.Manufacturers Sports Drawstring Package Leisure Backpack Outdoor Shoes Bag, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.CNC Machined Component Precision CNC Machined Kit. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Custom Acrylic Black Hand Carved Coffee Table (BTR-Q1013). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Load Switch AC 12kv Indoor Vs1 High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Multipurpose Mall Stackable 4 Shelf Shelving Unit Fruit Baskets Organizer Collection Toys Storage W Wheels. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Dental YAG Laser Welding Machine for Gold Silver Metal Jewelry] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Torich 304 16 Gauge Seamless Round Duplex 28mm Diameter Industrial Brand Sch for Drinking Water Small 20mm Stainless Steel Pipe.[Modern New Design Red Back Massage Table Pedicure Chair] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Metal Shell and Acrylic Neon Sign for Window,Damage Recovery Pharmaceutical Peptides Chemical Medicine Tb-500]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Solar Flashlights USB Torch Multi-Functional LED Flashlight.[Hexagonal Netting/ Gabion Box/ Gabion Basket]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.LED Pick and Place Machine LED640V. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[OEM Eco-Friendly Folding Packing Food Grade Plastic Cake Box (pet box)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Precision Casting Iron All Kinds of Marine Propeller. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Mini Dual-Use Portable Infrared Rifle Scope Hunting Night Vision Monocular Thermal Imaging Sight Camera with Multipleadapter Rings]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Mini Thin 3.7V 401119 50mAh Lipo Battery with PCB).Steel Rim, Tubeless Rim, Truck Rim, Bus Rim, Trailer Rim, Heavy Duty Rim, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Mini Dual-Use Portable Infrared Rifle Scope Hunting Night Vision Monocular Thermal Imaging Sight Camera with Multipleadapter Rings(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[LED Bulb SMD C37 3W 4W 5W 6W Candle Lamp Light LED Bulb]

Conclusions

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References